Finite Mathematics and Calculus with Applications, 10th edition
Published by Pearson (January 5, 2016) © 2016
- Margaret L. Lial American River College
- Raymond N. Greenwell Hofstra University
- Nathan P. Ritchey Edinboro University of PA , Youngstown State University
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About the Textbook
- A wide variety of applications reference real data from articles in newspapers, journals, and websites. Examples and exercises with recent data help students learn how the mathematics is applied to their field of study, immediately addressing the question, “Why are we learning this?” NEW! The authors have added or updated 237 (15.4%) of the application exercises throughout the text.
- Apply It opens most sections with a provocative, real-world oriented question that is addressed in the exposition and exercises.
- Applied exercises are grouped by type of application and highlighted for easy identification.
- Extended Applications appear at the end of all chapters to stimulate student interest and foster in-depth learning. Directions for Group Projects in the Extended Applications provide an opportunity for cooperative learning.
- Index of Applications provides instructors and students with an overview of the types of applications throughout the book.
- Application exercises within MyMathLab are labeled by type of application.
- Assessment and remediation features appear at key points to ensure that students keep up with the material, and provide plenty of pointers to help those who fall behind.
- “Your Turn” exercises following selected examples provide students with an easy way to stop and check their understanding of the skill or concept being presented. Answers are provided at the end of the section’s exercises.
- NEW! Warm-Up exercises were added to many exercise sets to provide an opportunity for students to refresh key prerequisite skills at “point of use.” Each exercise includes a note about where students can go for help if needed.
- The Prerequisite Skills Diagnostic Test, just prior to Chapter R, gives students and instructors an opportunity to assess students’ skills on topics that are critical to success in this course. Answers refer to specific review material in the text for targeted remediation.
- An Algebra Reference chapter appears at the beginning of the text, allowing students to brush up on their algebra skills.
- “For Review” boxes in the margin provide immediate review, or refer students back to appropriate sections as needed.
- “Help text” annotations, set in small blue type, appear next to the steps within worked-out examples and provide an additional aid for students with weaker algebra skills. Many more have been added in this edition.
- Chapter Summaries include important concepts, rules, and formulas, helping students review what they have learned.
- Caution notes warn students of common errors/misconceptions and Note boxes offer additional useful information. Both are highlighted for easy reference.
- Diverse exercise sets show how math is used in students’ major courses of study—business, life science, and social sciences.
- Connection Exercises, denoted with an icon, integrate topics/concepts from different sections.
- Writing Exercises provide students with an opportunity to write about important mathematical ideas. These are denoted with an icon.
- Technology Exercises explore concepts using a graphing calculator or spreadsheet. These are denoted with an icon.
- Concept Check exercises in the Chapter Reviews help students verify their understanding of important topics.
- Reference Tables for Exercises appear in the back of the book. These tables correlate homework exercises to a helpful example in the text.
- Technology coverage keeps your classroom and students up-to-date with the latest software and technology options available on the market.
- The design makes it easy to identify technology coverage so instructors can more easily highlight (or skip) the material.
- Excel® Spreadsheets are included in examples and exercises where appropriate, allowing students to work problems that closely relate to real-life and business situations.
- Graphing Calculator discussions are included in many examples, but are not essential for understanding the text. NEW! Graphing calculator screens have been updated to reflect the TI-84 Plus C, which features a higher-resolution color screen.
- Technology Notes Material on graphing calculators or Microsoft Excel is clearly labeled to make it easier for instructors to use this material (or not).
Also available with MyMathLab
MyMathLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed for this text to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students learn, practice and apply what they learn, test their understanding, and take advantage of a personalized study plan that adapts to their needs.
- The MyMathLab® course for this text contains many assignable exercises with help features that can be customized to the needs of your students. NEW! At the request of MyMathLab users, we added more applications to this revision.
- NEW! Setup & Solve exercises require students to specify how to set up a problem, then solve it. These exercises better mirror what students will be asked to do on tests.
- Application labels within exercise sets (e.g., “Business/Econ”) make it easy for instructors to find types of applications appropriate to students.
- NEW! An Integrated Review version of the course contains pre-assigned diagnostic and remediation resources for key prerequisite skills. Skills Check Quizzes help diagnose gaps in skills prior to each chapter. MyMathLab then provides personalized help on only those skills that a student has not mastered.
- Personalized Homework functionality allows instructors to create homework assignments based on the results of student assessments.
- Tutorial videos for every section of the textbook cover important concepts and terms, and are easily accessible for students who miss lecture. NEW! Videos are available as full-length lectures and as shorter, assignable video clips that focus on a specific concept or example.
- NEW! A Guide to Video-Based Assignments shows which exercises correspond to each video clip, making it easy to assess students after they watch an instructional video. This is perfect for flipped-classroom situations.
- NEW! Tutorial videos involving graphing calculators are now included within MyMathLab exercises to augment videos showing "by hand" methods. If you require graphing calculator usage for the course, your students will find the instruction in these videos very helpful. (If you do not use calculators, you can hide these videos from students.) The videos were created by veteran math instructors at the University of Arkansas with technical assistance from the university's Global Campus.
- NEW! Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device” student engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. Students use any modern web-enabled device they already have. With Learning Catalytics, you assess students in real time, using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding. It allows you to engage students by creating open-ended questions that ask for numerical, algebraic, textual, or graphical responses—or simple multiple-choice. Students who have access to MyMathLab have instant access to Learning Catalytics and can log in using their MyMathLab username and password. Learning Catalytics contains Pearson-created content for finite mathematics and calculus that allows you to take advantage of this exciting technology immediately.
- Interactive Figures illustrate key concepts and allow manipulation for use as teaching and learning tools. These include assignable exercises that require use of the figures (for calculus content only).
- Warm-Up exercises were added to many exercise sets to provide an opportunity for students to refresh key prerequisite skills at “point of use.”
- Graphing calculator screens have been updated to reflect the TI-84 Plus C, which features color and a much higher resolution screen. Additionally, the graphing calculator notes have been updated throughout.
- More help text in the examples provide an additional aid for students with weaker algebra skills. These notes are set in small blue type next to the steps within worked-out examples.
- More real data in examples and exercises include additional or updated data:
- The authors have added or updated 237 (15.4%) of the application exercises throughout the text.
- Updated exercises and examples are based on user feedback and other factors.
- 4857 exercises within the sections, 491 (10.1%) are new or updated.
- Of the 570 examples in the text, 99 (17.4%) are new or updated.
Content Updates
- Chapter R
- Added new Your Turn exercises to ensure that there is a student assessment for each major concept.
- Added more detail to R.2 on factoring perfect squares.
- Chapter 1
- Rewrote the part of 1.1 involving graphing lines, emphasizing different methods for graphing.
- Rewrote 1.2 on supply, demand, break-even analysis, and equilibrium; giving formal definitions that match what students would see in business and economics courses. All of the business applications were revised, according to recommendations of reviewers, to be more in line with business texts. Also added a new Example 6 on finding a cost function.
- Added color for pedagogical reasons to make content easier to follow.
- Chapter 2
- In 2.1, added a new definition for consistent systems. Also added definitions of general solution, parameter, and particular system and how to find each.
- In 2.5, added a shortcut for finding the inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix.
- Chapter 3
- Revised two Technology Notes in 3.1, giving more details on how to graph an inequality and how to add color. Also added Example 6, which illustrates what happens when there is no feasible region.
- In 3.2, revised a Technology Note explaining how to find the points of intersection in the feasible region.
- Chapter 4
- Added column headings to 4.1 to explain where basic variables are. Additionally, revised Example 4 with more explanation and detail.
- Added a Caution note to 4.2 and revised the Technology Note for using Excel to solve linear programming problems.
- Chapter 5
- In 5.1, revised Example 2 to add more detail regarding what each variable designates. Revised Examples 4-6 and 8-10 to better explain concepts and/or update real-world data. Revised Example 12 with more explanation--important because we gave two methods to find compounding time (using graphing calculator and also showing an optional method that uses logarithms).
- Added new Technology Notes to 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 explaining how to use the TVM Solver in the TI-84.
- Rewrote the 5.2 introduction and converted it into a new example on annuities. Also added a note on why particular variables were chosen and that these variables may look different in other places. Revised Examples 4 and 5 for content and added technology.
- In 5.3, revised Example 5 to better explain amortization schedules.
- Chapter 6
- Updated and added numerous exercises.
- Chapter 7
- Updated Examples in 7.1, 7.2, and 7.4 for content, data, and/or clarity.
- Added more explanation of independence to 7.5.
- Completely re-wrote the Extended Application at the end of the chapter.
- Chapter 8
- Updated and added numerous exercises as well as an example in 8.5.
- Chapter 9
- Added many Technology Notes, including how to use the calculator to find probabilities, how to create a histogram, etc.
- Reorganized 9.1 into two parts (frequency distributions, central tendency) and added new headings for mean, median, and mode. Also added new Example 9, comparing mean and median when outliers exist.
- Switched the emphasis of 9.3 from using the table in the back of the book to using a calculator. (We still use the table but all of the answers are from a calculator.) In that vein, we explain in great detail how to use the calculator to find the various probabilities, changing Examples 1, 2, and 4.
- Rewrote the introduction to 9.4 as an example and converted other exposition into a second example to better illustrate the concepts being described. Added a Technology Note to the second new example.
- Chapter 10
- Updated introduction to 10.1, rewriting it as an example to make it easier for students to reference the necessary skills to identify nonlinear functions, determine the domain and range, and estimate values from a graph.
- In 10.2, added another approach to graphing parabolas by splitting former Example 4 into two separate examples. The new Example 5 illustrates how to graph a parabola by first finding its characteristics (including orientation, intercepts, vertex, and axis of symmetry). The characteristics are highlighted in a box for easy reference.
- Added quadratic regression to 10.2. Example 9 includes a by-hand method and a method using technology.
- Rewrote Example 10 in 10.2, which illustrates translations and reflections of a graph, by breaking it into three parts. The first part is a basic transformation, and the ensuing parts build in complexity.
- Added the definition of a real root to 10.3 and added a technology box to illustrate how to use a graphing calculator to approximate the roots of higher degree polynomials.
- Added cubic regression to 10.3 (Example 5).
- Chapter 11
- Added Caution note to 11.1 and added a new solution method to Example 9.
- Added new Example 2 to 11.3 using recent data.
- Updated Example 4 in 11.3 to use clearer wording.
- Chapter 12
- Clarified the rules for differentiation in 12.1, 12.2, 12.3 and added a new Example 8.
- Expanded Example 9 in 12.1 to include a new graph.
- Updated Example 10 in 12.1 and Example 4 in 12.5.
- Chapter 13
- Added new examples to 13.2 (Example 3c) and 13.3 (Example 6b).
- Expanded Example 6a in 13.4 to show the inflection point.
- Chapter 14
- Updated Example 3 in 14.1 to show an application of the concept.
- Modified examples in 14.2 (Example 3), 14.4 (Example 2), and 14.6 (Example 1).
- Chapter 15
- Added annotations and comments to Example 10 in 15.1.
- Simplified Examples 1, 2, 3, and 6 in 15.2 and added annotations and comments.
- Added a “For Review” box to 15.3.
- Enlarged all small integral signs throughout the chapter for added clarity.
- Updated Example 7 in 15.4 and Example 5 in 15.5.
- Added more explanation of the consumer surplus to 15.5.
- Chapter 16
- Added annotations to several examples in 16.1 to denote steps in integration by parts.
- Revised the solutions to Examples 4 and 5 in 16.3, giving more detail and adding annotation to denote the steps in determining the accumulated amount of money flow.
- Revised the solution to Example 5 in 16.1, adding annotation to denote steps in separation of variables.
- In 16.1, added the definition of equilibrium point, explained how to determine the stability (stable, unstable, or semistable) of the equilibrium point, and added Example 8 on equilibrium points and stability.
- Chapter 17
- Rewrote and expanded Exercise 8 in 17.1, on the Cobb-Douglas Production Function, emphasizing the interpretation of the solutions.
- Added 3 new exercises to 17.1 on exponential and logarithmic functions of several variables.
- Revised the solution to Example 4 in 17.3, giving more detail.
- Rewrote the solution to Example 3 in 17.4, illustrating how to find the extrema of a constrained function of one or more variables using a spreadsheet.
- Chapter 18
- Changed the introductory example in 18.1, which continues into 18.2, to avoid rounding issues.
- Added a new part (d) to Example 3 in 18.3, as well as Method 2 using a graphing calculator and Method 3 using a spreadsheet.
- Changed 18.3 so that graphing calculators are the primary method of calculating normal probabilities, and the normal table is the secondary method.
Personalize learning with MyMathLab
MyMathLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment program designed for this text to engage students and improve results. Within its structured environment, students learn, practice and apply what they learn, test their understanding, and take advantage of a personalized study plan that adapts to their needs.
- Some resources were added or revised based on student usage of the previous edition of the MyMathLab course. For instance, more exercises were added to those chapters and sections that are more widely assigned.
- Hundreds of new exercises were added to the course to provide you with more options for assignments, including:
- More application exercises throughout the text
- Setup & Solve exercises that require students to specify how to set up a problem as well as to solve it
- Exercises that take advantage of the enhanced graphing tool
- An Integrated Review version of the course contains pre-assigned diagnostic and remediation resources for key prerequisite skills. Skills Check Quizzes help diagnose gaps in skills prior to each chapters. MyMathLab then provides personalized help on only those skills that a student has not mastered.
- The videos for the course have increased in number, type, and quality:
- New videos feature more applications and more challenging examples.
- Assignable, shorter video clips focus on a specific concept or example. These appear in addition to full-length lecture videos in MyMathLab.
- NEW! Tutorial videos involving graphing calculators are now included within MyMathLab exercises to augment videos showing "by hand" methods. If you require graphing calculator usage for the course, your students will find the instruction in these videos very helpful. (If you do not use calculators, you can hide these videos from students.) The videos were created by veteran math instructors at the University of Arkansas with technical assistance from the university's Global Campus.
- MathTalk Videos help motivate students by pointing out relevant connections to their majors—especially business. The videos feature Andrea Young from Ripon College (WI), a dynamic math professor (and actor!). The videos can be used as lecture starters or as part of homework assignments (in regular or flipped classes). Assignable exercises that accompany the videos help make these videos a part of homework assignments.
- A Guide to Video-Based Assignments shows which exercises correspond to each video, making it easy to assess students after they watch an instructional video. This is perfect for flipped-classroom situations.
- Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device” student engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. Students use any modern web-enabled device they already have. With Learning Catalytics, you assess students in real time, using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding. It allows you to engage students by creating open-ended questions that ask for numerical, algebraic, textual, or graphical responses—or just plain multiple-choice. Students who have access to MyMathLab have instant access to Learning Catalytics and can log in using their MyMathLab username and password. Learning Catalytics contains Pearson-created content for finite mathematics and calculus that allows you to take advantage of this exciting technology immediately.
- Interactive Figures no longer require a special plug-in. They have been re-programmed in HTML5.
R. Algebra Reference
R-1 Polynomials
R-2 Factoring
R-3 Rational Expressions
R-4 Equations
R-5 Inequalities
R-6 Exponents
R-7 Radicals
1. Linear Functions
1-1 Slopes and Equations of Lines
1-2 Linear Functions and Applications
1-3 The Least Squares Line
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Using Extrapolation to Predict Life Expectancy
2. Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices
2-1 Solution of Linear Systems by the Echelon Method
2-2 Solution of Linear Systems by the Gauss-Jordan Method
2-3 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
2-4 Multiplication of Matrices
2-5 Matrix Inverses
2-6 Input-Output Models
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Contagion
3. Linear Programming: The Graphical Method
3-1 Graphing Linear Inequalities
3-2 Solving Linear Programming Problems Graphically
3-3 Applications of Linear Programming
Chapter Review
4. Linear Programming: The Simplex Method
4-1 Slack Variables and the Pivot
4-2 Maximization Problems
4-3 Minimization Problems; Duality
4-4 Nonstandard Problems
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Using Integer Programming in the Stock-Cutting Problem
5. Mathematics of Finance
5-1 Simple and Compound Interest
5-2 Future Value of an Annuity
5-3 Present Value of an Annuity; Amortization
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Time, Money, and Polynomials
6. Logic
6-1 Statements
6-2 Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
6-3 The Conditional and Circuits
6-4 More on the Conditional
6-5 Analyzing Arguments and Proofs
6-6 Analyzing Arguments with Quantifiers
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Logic Puzzles
7. Sets and Probability
7-1 Sets
7-2 Applications of Venn Diagrams
7-3 Introduction to Probability
7-4 Basic Concepts of Probability
7-5 Conditional Probability; Independent Events
7-6 Bayes' Theorem
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Medical Diagnosis
8. Counting Principles: Further Probability Topics
8-1 The Multiplication Principle; Permutations
8-2 Combinations
8-3 Probability Applications of Counting Principles
8-4 Binomial Probability
8-5 Probability Distributions; Expected Value
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Optimal Inventory for a Service Truck
9. Statistics
9-1 Frequency Distributions; Measures of Central Tendency
9-2 Measures of Variation
9-3 The Normal Distribution
9-4 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Statistics in the Law - The Castaneda Decision
10. Nonlinear Functions
10-1 Properties of Functions
10-2 Quadratic Functions; Translation and Reflection
10-3 Polynomial and Rational Functions
10-4 Exponential Functions
10-5 Logarithmic Functions
10-6 Applications: Growth and Decay; Mathematics of Finance
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Characteristics of the Monkeyface Prickleback
11. The Derivative
11-1 Limits
11-2 Continuity
11-3 Rates of Change
11-4 Definition of the Derivative
11-5 Graphical Differentiation
Chapter Review
Extended Application: A Model for Drugs Administered Intravenously
12. Calculating the Derivative
12-1 Techniques for Finding Derivatives
12-2 Derivatives of Products and Quotients
12-3 The Chain Rule
12-4 Derivatives of Exponential Functions
12-5 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Electric Potential and Electric Field
13. Graphs and the Derivative
13-1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
13-2 Relative Extrema
13-3 Higher Derivatives, Concavity, and the Second Derivative Test
13-4 Curve Sketching
Chapter Review
Extended Application: A Drug Concentration Model for Orally Administered
Medications (new)
14. Applications of the Derivative
14-1 Absolute Extrema
14-2 Applications of Extrema
14-3 Further Business Applications: Economic Lot Size; Economic Order Quantity; Elasticity of Demand
14-4 Implicit Differentiation
14-5 Related Rates
14-6 Differentials: Linear Approximation
Chapter Review
Extended Application: A Total Cost Model for a Training Program
15. Integration
15-1 Antiderivatives
15-2 Substitution
15-3 Area and the Definite Integral
15-4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
15-5 The Area Between Two Curves
15-6 Numerical Integration
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Estimating Depletion Dates for Minerals
16. Further Techniques and Applications of Integration
16-1 Integration by Parts
16-2 Volume and Average Value
16-3 Continuous Money Flow
16-4 Improper Integrals
16-5 Solutions of Elementary and Separable Differential Equations*
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Estimating Learning Curves in Manufacturing with Integrals
17. Multivariable Calculus
17-1 Functions of Several Variables
17-2 Partial Derivatives
17-3 Maxima and Minima
17-4 Lagrange Multipliers
17-5 Total Differentials and Approximations
17-6 Double Integrals
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Using Multivariable Fitting to Create a Response Surface Design
18. Probability and Calculus
18-1 Continuous Probability Models
18-2 Expected Value and Variance of Continuous Random Variables
18-3 Special Probability Density Functions
Chapter Review
Extended Application: Exponential Waiting Times
Tables
Table 1 Formulas of/from Geometry
Table 2 Area Under a Normal Curve
Table 3 Integrals
Answers to Selected Exercises
Photo Acknowledgements
IndexMarge Lial (late) was always interested in math; it was her favorite subject in the first grade! Marge's intense desire to educate both her students and herself has inspired the writing of numerous best-selling textbooks. Marge, who received bachelor's and master's degrees from California State University at Sacramento, was affiliated with American River College. An avid reader and traveler, her travel experiences often found their way into her books as applications, exercise sets, and feature sets. Her interest in archeology lead to trips to various digs and ruin sites, producing some fascinating problems for her textbooks involving such topics as the building of Mayan pyramids and the acoustics of ancient ball courts in the Yucatan.
Raymond N. Greenwell earned a B.A. in Mathematics and Physics from the University of San Diego, and an M.S. in Statistics, an M.S. in Applied Mathematics, and a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from Michigan State University, where he earned the graduate student teaching award in 1979. After teaching at Albion College in Michigan for four years, he moved to Hofstra University in 1983, where he currently is Professor of Mathematics.
Raymond has published articles on fluid mechanics, mathematical biology, genetic algorithms, combinatorics, statistics, and undergraduate mathematics education. He is a member of MAA, AMS, SIAM, NCTM, and AMATYC. He has served as governor of the Metropolitan New York Section of the MAA, as well as webmaster and liaison coordinator, and he received a distinguished service award from the Section in 2003. He is an outdoor enthusiast and leads trips in the Sierra Club’s Inner City Outings program.
Nathan P. Ritchey earned a B.A. in Mathematics with a minor in Music from Mansfield University of Pennsylvania. He earned a M.S. in Applied Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University. He is former chair of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Youngstown State University and is currently serving as the dean of the College of Science and Health Professions at Edinboro University. He has published articles in economics, honors education, medicine, mathematics, operations research, and student recruitment. Nate is a Consultant/Evaluator for the North Central Association's Higher Learning Commission and regularly participates in program evaluations.
In recognition of his numerous activities, Nate has received the Distinguished Professor Award for University Service, the Youngstown Vindicator's "People Who Make a Difference Award," the Watson Merit Award for Department Chairs, the Spirit in Education Award from the SunTex corporation, and the Provost's Merit Award for significant contributions to the Honors Program.
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