Building Data Centers with VXLAN BGP EVPN: A Cisco NX-OS Perspective, 1st edition
Published by Cisco Press (March 31, 2017) © 2017
- David Jansen
- Lukas Krattiger
- Shyam Kapadia
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The authors first explain why and how data centre fabrics are evolving, and introduce Cisco’s fabric journey. Next, they review key switch roles, essential data centre network fabric terminology, and core concepts such as network attributes, control plane details, and the associated data plane encapsulation.
Building on this foundation, they provide a deep dive into fabric semantics, efficient creation and addressing of the underlay, multi-tenancy, control and data plane interaction, forwarding flows, external interconnectivity, and service appliance deployments. You’ll find detailed tutorials, descriptions, and packet flows that can easily be adapted to accommodate customised deployments. This guide concludes with a full section on fabric management, introducing multiple opportunities to simplify, automate, and orchestrate data centre network fabrics.
- Learn how changing data centre requirements have driven the evolution to overlays, evolved control planes, and VXLAN BGP EVPN spine-leaf fabrics
- Discover why VXLAN BGP EVPN fabrics are so scalable, resilient, and elastic
- Implement enhanced unicast and multicast forwarding of tenant traffic over the VXLAN BGP EVPN fabric
- Build fabric underlays to efficiently transport uni- and multi-destination traffic
- Connect the fabric externally via Layer 3 (VRF-Lite, LISP, MPLS L3VPN) and Layer 2 (VPC)
- Choose your most appropriate Multi-POD, multifabric, and Data Center Interconnect (DCI) options
- Integrate Layer 4-7 services into the fabric, including load balancers and firewalls
- Manage fabrics with POAP-based day-0 provisioning, incremental day 0.5 configuration, overlay day-1 configuration, or day-2 operations
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Programmable Fabric 1
   Today’s Data Center Challenges and Requirements 2
   The Data Center Fabric Journey 3
   Cisco Open Programmable Fabric 10
       Fabric-Related Terminology 13
   Data Center Network Fabric Properties 14
       Server or Endpoint Connectivity Options 15
   Summary 17
   References 17
Chapter 2 VXLAN BGP EVPN Basics 21
   Overlays 23
   Introduction to VXLAN 27
       VXLAN Flood and Learn (F&L) 30
   Introduction to BGP EVPN with VXLAN 32
       MP-BGP Features and Common Practices 34
       IETF Standards and RFCs 37
       Host and Subnet Route Distribution 40
   Host Deletion and Move Events 46
   Summary 48
   References 49
Chapter 3 VXLAN/EVPN Forwarding Characteristics 53
   Multidestination Traffic 54
       Leveraging Multicast Replication in the Underlying Network 55
       Using Ingress Replication 58
   VXLAN BGP EVPN Enhancements 60
       ARP Suppression 60
       Distributed IP Anycast Gateway 65
       Integrated Route and Bridge (IRB) 69
       Endpoint Mobility 73
       Virtual PortChannel (vPC) in VXLAN BGP EVPN 76
       DHCP 81
   Summary 85
   References 85
Chapter 4 The Underlay 87
   Underlay Considerations 88
       MTU Considerations 91
       IP Addressing 93
   IP Unicast Routing 99
       OSPF as an Underlay 100
       IS-IS as an Underlay 102
       BGP as an Underlay 103
       IP Unicast Routing Summary 106
   Multidestination Traffic 107
       Unicast Mode 107
       Multicast Mode 109
       PIM Any Source Multicast (ASM) 112
       BiDirectional PIM (PIM BiDir) 114
   Summary 119
   References 119
Chapter 5 Multitenancy 121
   Bridge Domains 123
   VLANs in VXLAN 124
   Layer 2 Multitenancy: Mode of Operation 129
       VLAN-Oriented Mode 130
       BD-Oriented Mode 131
   VRF in VXLAN BGP EVPN 132
   Layer 3 Multitenancy: Mode of Operation 134
   Summary 137
   References 138
Chapter 6 Unicast Forwarding 139
   Intra-Subnet Unicast Forwarding (Bridging) 139
   Non-IP Forwarding (Bridging) 147
   Inter-Subnet Unicast Forwarding (Routing) 149
       Routed Traffic to Silent Endpoints 158
   Forwarding with Dual-Homed Endpoint 164
   IPv6 167
   Summary 169
Chapter 7 Multicast Forwarding 171
   Layer 2 Multicast Forwarding 171
       IGMP in VXLAN BGP EVPN Networks 174
   Layer 2 Multicast Forwarding in vPC 178
   Layer 3 Multicast Forwarding 182
   Summary 184
   References 184
Chapter 8 External Connectivity 185
   External Connectivity Placement 185
       External Layer 3 Connectivity 189
       U-Shaped and Full-Mesh Models 190
       VRF Lite/Inter-AS Option A 192
       LISP 195
       MPLS Layer 3 VPN (L3VPN) 200
       External Layer 2 Connectivity 203
   Classic Ethernet and vPC 204
   Extranet and Shared Services 206
       Local/Distributed VRF Route Leaking 207
       Downstream VNI Assignment 210
   Summary 212
   Reference 212
Chapter 9 Multi-Pod, Multifabric, and Data Center Interconnect (DCI) 213
   Contrasting OTV and VXLAN 213
   Multi-Pod 219
       Interconnection at the Spine Layer 227
       Interconnection at the Leaf Layer 227
Multifabric 228
       Inter-pod/Interfabric 231
       Interfabric Option 1: Multi-Pod 232
       Interfabric Option 2: Multifabric 233
       Interfabric Option 3 (Multisite for Layer 3) 235
       Interfabric Option 4 (Multisite for Layer 2) 236
   Summary 238
   References 238
Chapter 10 Layer 4—7 Services Integration 241
   Firewalls in a VXLAN BGP EVPN Network 242
       Routing Mode 242
       Bridging Mode 244
       Firewall Redundancy with Static Routing 245
       Static Route Tracking at a Service Leaf 248
       Static Routing at a Remote Leaf 248
       Physical Connectivity 249
   Inter-Tenant/Tenant-Edge Firewall 250
       Services-Edge Design 254
       Intra-Tenant Firewalls 254
       Mixing Intra-Tenant and Inter-Tenant Firewalls 260
   Application Delivery Controller (ADC) and Load Balancer in a VXLAN BGP
       EVPN Network 262
       One-Armed Source-NAT 262
       Direct VIP Subnet Approach 263
       Indirect VIP Subnet Approach 264
       Return Traffic 265
       Service Chaining: Firewall and Load Balancer 267
   Summary 271
   References 271
Chapter 11 Introduction to Fabric Management 273
   Day-0 Operations: Automatic Fabric Bring-Up 275
       In-Band Versus Out-of-Band POAP 276
       Other Day-0 Considerations 278
   Day-0.5 Operations: Incremental Changes 279
   Day-1 Operations: Overlay Services Management 280
   Virtual Topology System (VTS) 282
   Nexus Fabric Manager (NFM) 282
   Data Center Network Manager (DCNM) 283
       Compute Integration 283
       Day-2 Operations: Monitoring and Visibility 285
   VXLAN OAM (NGOAM) 294
   Summary 299
   References 299
Appendix A VXLAN BGP EVPN Implementation Options 303
9781587144677, TOC, 3/16/17
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Lukas Krattiger, CCIE No. 21921 (Routing/Switching and Data Center), is principal engineer, Technical Marketing, with more than 15 years of experience in data center, Internet, and application networks. Within Cisco, he specializes in data center switching, overlay architectures, and solutions across platforms. Lukas is a double-CCIE (R&S and Data Center) with several other industry certifications and has participated in various technology leadership and advisory groups. Prior to joining Cisco, Lukas was a senior network engineer with System Integrators and Service Providers, where he was responsible for data center and Internet networks. Since joining Cisco, he has covered various technologies within the data center as well as enterprise networks portfolio, and he has built foundational solutions for customers and partners.
Shyam Kapadia is a principal engineer in the Data Center Group at Cisco Systems. With more than a decade of experience in the networking industry, Shyam holds more than 30 patents and has coauthored the book Using TRILL, FabricPath, and VXLAN: Designing MSDC with Overlays. In his 10 years at Cisco, Shyam has worked on a number of products, including the Catalyst and Nexus families of switches, with special emphasis on end-to-end data center solutions, including automation and orchestration. He holds a Ph.D. and master’s degree from the University of Southern California in the field of computer science. Over the past 15 years, Shyam has been the Program Chair for the Southern California Linux Exposition (SCALE).
David Jansen, CCIE No. 5952 (Routing/Switching), is a distinguished systems engineer (DSE) for Cisco, specializing in data center, campus, branch/WAN, and cloud architectures. He has 20 years of experience in the industry and has earned certifications from Novell, VMware, Microsoft, TOGAF, and Cisco. His focus is working with global enterprise customers to address their challenges with comprehensive end-to-end data center, enterprise, WAN/Internet, and cloud architectures. David has been with Cisco for more than 19 years; for the last 4 years or so as a DSE, he has gained unique experiences in building next generation data center solutions.
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