Beyond the Algorithm: AI, Security, Privacy, and Ethics, 1st edition

Preface.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

1 Historical Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML).. . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Story of Eva. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

The Origins.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Advancements of Artificial Intelligence.. . . . . . . . . 5

Understanding AI and ML. . . . . . . . . . . 8

Concluding the Story of Eva.. . . . . . . . . . . 25

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Exercise 1-1: Exploring the Historical Development and Ethical Concerns of AI.. . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Exercise 1-2: Understanding AI and ML. . . . . . . . . 29

Exercise 1-3: Comparison of ML Algorithms.. . . . . . . . 30

Exercise 1-4: Assessing Applications of ML Algorithms. . . . . . 31

2 Fundamentals of AI and ML Technologies and Implementations.. . 33

What Are the Leading AI and ML Technologies and Algorithms?. . . . 34

ChatGPT and the Leading AI and ML Technologies: Exploring

Capabilities and Applications.. . . . . . . . . . 43

Understanding the Two Categories of AI: Capability-Based Types and Functionality-Based Types. . . . . . . . 52

Leveraging AI and ML to Tackle Real-World Challenges: A Case Study. . . 53

Reflecting on the Societal and Ethical Implications of AI Technologies.. . 54

Assessing Future Trends and Emerging Developments in AI and ML Technologies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Exercise 2-1: Algorithm Selection Exercise: Matching Scenarios with Appropriate Machine Learning Techniques.. . . . . . . . 61

Exercise 2-2: Exploring AI and ML Technologies.. . . . . . . 63

Exercise 2-3: Capabilities and Benefits of AI-Optimized Hardware.. . . 63

Exercise 2-4: Understanding the Two Categories of AI.. . . . . . 64

Exercise 2-5: Future Trends and Emerging Developments in AI and ML Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

3 Generative AI and Large Language Models.. . . . . . . 65

Introduction to Generative AI and LLMs. . . . . . . . 66

Large Language Models (LLMs): Revolutionizing Natural Language Processing (NLP). . . . . . . . . . . 88

Hugging Face.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Auto-GPT: A Revolutionary Step in Autonomous AI Applications. . . . 97

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Exercise 3-1: Hugging Face.. . . . . . . . . . . 102

Exercise 3-2: Transformers in AI. . . . . . . . . . 102

Additional Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4 The Cornerstones of AI and ML Security.. . . . . . . . 105

Recognizing the Need for AI Security.. . . . . . . . . 105

Adversarial Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Data Poisoning Attacks. . . . . . . . . . . 109

OWASP Top Ten for LLMs. . . . . . . . . . . 112

Countermeasures Against Model Stealing Attacks. . . . . . 124

Membership Inference Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . 124

Evasion Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Model Inversion Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . . 135

Backdoor Attacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Exploring Defensive Measures.. . . . . . . . . . 137

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Additional Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 142

5 Hacking AI Systems.. . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Hacking FakeMedAI. . . . . . . . . . . . 143

MITRE ATLAS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

A Deep Dive into the AI and ML Attack Tactics and Techniques.. . . . 147

Exploiting Prompt Injection.. . . . . . . . . . 161

Red-Teaming AI Models. . . . . . . . . . . 162

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Exercise 5-1: Understanding the MITRE ATT&CK Framework.. . . . 166

Exercise 5-2: Exploring the MITRE ATLAS Framework.. . . . . . 166

6 System and Infrastructure Security. . . . . . . . . 167

The Vulnerabilities and Risks Associated with AI Systems and Their Potential Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . 167

AI BOMs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Data Security Vulnerabilities.. . . . . . . . . . 177

Cloud Security Vulnerabilities.. . . . . . . . . . 179

Secure Design Principles for AI Systems.. . . . . . . . 182

AI Model Security.. . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Infrastructure Security for AI Systems. . . . . . . . . 184

Threat Detection and Incident Response for AI Systems.. . . . . 190

Additional Security Technologies and Considerations for AI Systems. . . 193

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Additional Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . 197

7 Privacy and Ethics: Navigating Privacy and Ethics in an AI-Infused World.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Why Do We Need to Balance the Benefits of AI with the Ethical Risks and Privacy Concerns?.. . . . . . . . . . 200

What Are the Challenges Posed by AI in Terms of Privacy Protection, and What Is the Importance of Privacy and Ethics in AI Development and Deployment?. . . . . . . . . 201

The Dark Side of AI and ChatGPT: Privacy Concerns and Ethical Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Data Collection and Data Storage in AI Algorithms: Potential Risks and Ethical Privacy Concerns. . . . . . . . 206

The Moral Tapestry of AI and ChatGPT.. . . . . . . . 212

Preserving Privacy, Unleashing Knowledge: Differential Privacy and Federated Learning in the Age of Data Security.. . . . . . 223

Harmony in the Machine: Nurturing Fairness, Diversity, and Human Control in AI Systems.. . . . . . . . . . 224

Real-World Case Study Examples and Fictional Stories of Privacy Breaches in AI and ChatGPT.. . . . . . . . . 226

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Exercise 7-1: Privacy Concerns and Ethical Implications of AI. . . . 237

Exercise 7-2: Ethical Privacy Concerns in Data Collection and Storage by AI Algorithms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Exercise 7-3: Balancing Autonomy and Privacy in the Age of AI. . . . 238

Exercise 7-4: Safeguarding Privacy and Ethical Frontiers.. . . . . 239

8 Legal and Regulatory Compliance for AI Systems.. . . . . 241

Legal and Regulatory Landscape.. . . . . . . . . 242

Compliance with AI Legal and Regulatory Data Protection Laws. . . 245

Intellectual Property Issues in Conversational AI.. . . . . . 247

Unraveling Liability and Accountability in the Age of AI. . . . . 249

Ethical Development and Deployment of AI Systems: Strategies for Effective Governance and Risk Management.. . . . . . 252

International Collaboration and Standards in AI. . . . . . . 255

Future Trends and Outlook in AI Compliance.. . . . . . . 257

Unleashing the Quantum Storm: Fictional Story on AI Cybersecurity, Quantum Computing, and Novel Cyberattacks in Oxford, 2050. . . . 260

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Test Your Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Exercise 8-1: Compliance with Legal and Regulatory Data Protection Laws.. . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Exercise 8-2: Understanding Liability and Accountability in AI Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Exercise 8-3: International Collaboration and Standards in AI.. . . . 267

Test Your Skills Answers and Solutions. . . . . . . . . 269

 

9780138268459, TOC, 1/4/2024