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5G Wireless: A Comprehensive Introduction, 1st edition
Published by Addison-Wesley Professional (June 25, 2021) © 2021
- William Stallings
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In 5G Wireless: A Comprehensive Introduction, renowned information technology author William Stallings presents a comprehensive and unified explanation of 5G's key aspects, applications, and implications. Like other award-winning texts from Stallings, this guide is designed to help students quickly find the information and gain the mastery they need to master this critical new technology. PowerPoint lecture slides will be available to instructors. Coverage includes:
- Background and overview: A concise history of the development of cellular networks through 4G, introducing 5G's motivation, characteristics, and technologies.
- Application and use cases: A broad survey of both general application areas and specific use cases; includes coverage of implications for IoT, cloud, and fog computing.Â
- Air interface: A detailed survey of all aspects of radio transmission and the wireless interface.
- 5G core: A survey of 5G core architecture and deployment.Â
- 5G security and privacy: Requirements, threats, vulnerabilities, security controls, security product and service solutions, and privacy.
- Understand the overall 5G ecosystem and individual building blocks
- Explore 5G R&D and standardization roadmaps, so you can plan to leverage 5G technology more effectively
- Brings together crucial knowledge previously scattered across scores of publications, standards documents, blog posts, and white papers
- Complemented by a frequently updated website with links to relevant sources and supporting documents
- By William Stallings, 13-time winner of the prestigious TAA Computer Science Textbook of the Year Award
- Ancillary PowerPoint slides provided to instructors make preparing for lectures easier (file downloadable from Pearson.com)
Preface    xxiv
PART I:Â OVERVIEW
Chapter 1: Cellular Networks: Concepts and Evolution    2
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks    2
1.2 Cellular Network Concepts    4
   Cellular Organization    4
   Network System Elements    10
   Operation of Cellular Systems    11
1.3 First Generation (1G)Â Â Â Â 14
1.4 Second Generation (2G)Â Â Â Â 15
   Time-Division Multiple Access    16
   GSM Architecture    17
   Radio Link Aspects    20
1.5 Third Generation (3G)Â Â Â Â 20
   Code-Division Multiple Access    21
   3G Architecture    21
1.6 Fourth Generation (4G)Â Â Â Â 24
   E-UTRAN    26
   LTE-Advanced Transmission Characteristics    29
   Evolved Packet Core    33
1.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    34
   Key Terms    34
   Review Questions    35
Chapter 2: 5G Standards and Specifications    36
2.1 ITU-R and IMT-2020Â Â Â Â 37
   International Mobile Telecommunications    38
   Capabilities    38
   Usage Scenarios    41
   Use Cases    43
   Evaluation    46
2.2 ITU-T and IMT-2020Â Â Â Â 57
   Requirements    57
   Network Slicing    59
   Fixed Mobile Convergence    61
   IMT-2020 Core Network Framework    62
2.3 3GPPÂ Â Â Â 65
   3GPP Releases    69
   Detailed Requirements    70
2.4 Key Terms and Review Questions    72
   Key Terms    72
   Review Questions    73
2.5 References and Documents    74
   References    74
   Documents    74
Chapter 3: Overview of 5G Use Cases and Architecture    76
3.1 5G Use Cases    77
   ITU-R    77
   5G Americas    77
   NGMA Alliance    79
3.2 NGMN 5G Architecture Framework    81
   Layered Functionality    82
   Network Slicing    85
3.3 3GPP 5G Architecture    87
   5G Core Network Architecture    87
   Radio Access Network Architecture    94
   Session Establishment    97
3.4 Key Terms and Review Questions    98
   Key Terms    98
   Review Questions    99
3.5 References and Documents    99
   References    99
PART II:Â USE CASES AND APPLICATIONS
Chapter 4: Enhanced Mobile Broadband    102
4.1 eMBB Deployment Scenarios    103
   Indoor Hotspot    104
   Dense Urban    105
   Rural    105
4.2 eMBB Performance Characteristics    105
   Data Rate Requirements    106
   Spectral Efficiency Requirements    107
   Latency Requirements    108
   Mobility Requirements    108
   System Requirements    109
4.3 Smart Office: An Indoor Hotspot Use Case    110
4.4 Dense Urban Information Society: A Dense Urban Use Case    111
4.5 Radiocommunication Systems Between Train and Trackside: A Rural eMBB Use Case    113
   Elements of RSTT    114
   Applications of RSTT    114
   Broadband Connectivity for Passengers    116
   Linear Cell Architecture    117
4.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    118
   Key Terms    118
   Review Questions    118
4.7 References and Documents    119
   References    119
   Documents    119
Chapter 5: Massive Machine Type Communications    122
5.1 mMTC Performance Requirements    123
5.2 The Internet of Things    124
   The Scope of the Internet of Things    125
   Things on the Internet of Things    128
   Components of IoT-Enabled Things    128
   Constrained Devices    129
   IoT and Cloud Context    130
5.3 Relationship Between mMTC and the IoTÂ Â Â Â 133
5.4 Relationship Between mMTC and NB-IoT and eMTCÂ Â Â Â 135
   Comparison of NB-IoT and eMTC    135
   Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA)    136
5.5 Smart Agriculture    138
   Model of IoT Deployment    138
   Use Cases    140
   Precision Crop Management    145
   Network Performance Requirements    150
5.6 Smart Cities    150
   Smart City Use Cases    151
   ICT Architecture for Smart Cities    158
   Network Performance Requirements    160
5.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    162
   Key Terms    162
   Review Questions    163
5.8 References and Documents    163
   References    163
   Documents    164
Chapter 6: Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications    166
6.1 URLLC Performance Requirements    167
   Latency    168
   Mobility    169
   Reliability    170
   NGMN Definitions    170
6.2 URLLC Use Cases in Emerging Mission-Critical Applications    171
   Industrial Automation    171
   Ground Vehicles, Drones, and Robots    171
   Tactile Interaction    171
   Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality    172
   Emergencies, Disasters, and Public Safety    176
   Urgent Healthcare    176
   Intelligent Transportation    177
6.3 URLLC Applications Based on Performance Requirements    178
   Higher Reliability and Lower Latency    179
   Higher Reliability, Higher Availability, and Lower Latency    180
   Very Low Latency    181
   Higher Accuracy Positioning    181
   Higher Availability    181
   Mission-Critical Services    182
6.4 Industry 4.0Â Â Â Â 182
   Factory Automation Architecture    183
   Application Areas    185
   Use Cases    187
   Performance Requirements    189
6.5 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management    191
   UTM Architecture    192
   5G Performance Requirements for UTM    194
6.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    197
   Key Terms    197
   Review Questions    198
6.7 References and Documents    199
   References    199
PART III:Â 5G NEXTGEN CORE NETWORK
Chapter 7: Software-Defined Networking    202
7.1 Evolving Network Requirements    203
7.2 The SDN Approach    204
   Modern Network Requirements    204
   SDN Architecture    204
   Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking    207
7.3 SDN Data Plane    207
   Data Plane Functions    207
   Data Plane Protocols    209
7.4 OpenFlow    209
   Flow Table Structure    211
   Flow Table Pipeline    214
   The Use of Multiple Tables    216
   Group Table    217
   OpenFlow Protocol    217
7.5 SDN Control Plane    218
   Control Plane Functions    218
   Southbound Interface    220
   Northbound Interface    220
   Eastbound Interface    223
   Westbound Interface    224
7.6 SDN Application Plane    225
   Application Plane Architecture    225
   Northbound Interface    226
   Network Services Abstraction Layer    226
   Network Applications    226
   User Interface    230
7.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    230
   Key Terms    230
   Review Questions    231
7.8 References and Documents    231
   References    231
   Documents    232
Chapter 8: Network Functions Virtualization    234
8.1 Background and Motivation for NFVÂ Â Â Â 235
8.2 Virtual Machines and Containers    236
   Hypervisor    236
   Architectural Approaches    238
   Container Virtualization    241
8.3 NFV Concepts    242
   Simple Example of the Use of NFV    245
   NFV Principles    246
   High-Level NFV Framework    246
8.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements    248
   NFV Benefits    248
   NFV Requirements    249
8.5 NFV Reference Architecture    250
   NFV Management and Orchestration    251
   Reference Points    251
8.6 NFV Infrastructure    252
   Container Interface    253
   Deployment of NFVI Containers    256
   Logical Structure of NFVI Domains    257
   Compute Domain    258
   Hypervisor Domain    260
   Infrastructure Network Domain    261
8.7 Virtualized Network Functions    263
   VNF Interfaces    263
   VNFC-to-VNFC Communication    264
   VNF Scaling    266
8.8 SDN and NFVÂ Â Â Â 267
8.9 Key Terms and Review Questions    269
   Key Terms    269
   Review Questions    270
8.10 References and Documents    271
   References    271
   Documents    271
Chapter 9: Core Network Functionality, QoS, and Network Slicing    272
9.1 Core Network Requirements    273
   Network Operational Requirements    273
   Basic Network Requirements    275
9.2 Core Network Functional Architecture    279
   Tunneling    281
   PDU Session Establishment    283
   Policy Control Function    287
9.3 Quality of Service    291
   QoS Capabilities    291
   QoS Architectural Framework    294
   QoS Classification, Marking, and Differentiation    297
   3GPP QoS Architecture    298
   QoS Parameters    299
   QoS Characteristics    301
   Standardized 5QI-to-QoS Characteristic Mapping    303
9.4 Network Slicing    307
   Network Slicing Concepts    308
   Requirements for Network Slicing    310
   Identifying and Selecting a Network Slice    312
   Functional Aspects of Network Slicing    313
   Generic Slice Template    314
9.5 SDN and NFV Support for 5GÂ Â Â Â 315
9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    319
   Key Terms    319
   Review Questions    319
9.7 References and Documents    320
   References    320
   Documents    320
Chapter 10: Multi-Access Edge Computing    322
10.1 MEC and 5GÂ Â Â Â 323
10.2 MEC Architectural Concepts    324
10.3 ETSI MEC Architecture    327
   Design Principles    328
   MEC System Reference Architecture    329
   Related Elements    332
10.4 MEC in NFVÂ Â Â Â 333
   MEC Components Implemented as VNFs    333
   MEC Components Replaced by NFV Components    335
   MEC System-Level Components    335
10.5 MEC Support for Network Slicing    335
10.6 MEC Use Cases    336
   Consumer-Oriented Services    337
   Operator and Third-Party Services    342
   Network Performance and QoS Improvements    344
10.7 3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications    349
   EDGEAPP Functional Architecture    350
   Synergized Mobile Edge Cloud Architecture    352
10.8 Key Terms and Review Questions    353
   Key Terms    353
   Review Questions    353
10.9 References and Documents    354
   References    354
PART IV:Â 5G NR AIR INTERFACE AND RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
Chapter 11: Wireless Transmission    356
11.1 Channel Capacity    357
   Nyquist Bandwidth    357
   Shannon Capacity Formula    358
11.2 Line-of-Sight Transmission    361
   Refraction    362
   Optical and Radio Line of Sight    363
11.3 Line-of-Sight Transmission Impairments    364
   Attenuation    364
   Free Space Loss    365
   Path Loss Exponent in Practical Cellular Systems    368
   Noise    369
   The Expression Eb/N0    372
   Atmospheric Absorption    374
   Multipath    375
   Refraction    376
11.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment    376
   Multipath Propagation    376
   The Effects of Multipath Propagation    377
   Types of Fading    378
   The Fading Channel    379
11.5 Millimeter Wave Transmission for 5GÂ Â Â Â 381
   Propagation Impairments    381
   Implications for 5G    385
11.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    387
   Key Terms    387
   Review Questions    388
11.7 References    389
ANNEX 11A: Decibels and Signal Strength    389
Chapter 12: Antennas    394
12.1 Channel Correction Mechanisms    394
   Adaptive Equalization    395
   Diversity Techniques    396
   Adaptive Modulation and Coding    398
   Forward Error Correction    398
12.2 Introduction to Antennas    399
   Radiation Patterns    399
   Antenna Types    401
   Antenna Gain    406
12.3 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antennas    407
   MIMO Principles    408
   Multiple-User MIMO    410
12.4 Advanced Cellular Antennas    411
   Evolution of Cellular Antennas    411
   Beamforming    412
   Active Antenna Systems    416
   Massive MIMO    417
12.5 Key Terms and Review Questions    420
   Key Terms    420
   Review Questions    421
12.6 References    422
Chapter 13: Air Interface Physical Layer    424
13.1 Modulation Schemes    424
   Modulation    425
   Amplitude-Shift Keying    425
   Frequency-Shift Keying    426
   Phase-Shift Keying    426
   Quadrature Amplitude Modulation    433
   pi/2-BPSK    437
13.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMAÂ Â Â Â 438
   Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing    438
   OFDM Implementation    441
   Difficulties of OFDM    444
   Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access    445
   Single-Carrier FDMA    446
13.3 Waveforms and Numerologies    448
   Numerology    448
   CP-OFDM    449
   DFT-S-OFDM    450
13.4 Key Terms and Review Questions    451
   Key Terms    451
   Review Questions    452
13.5 References and Documents    453
   References    453
   Documents    453
ANNEX 13A: Multiplexing and Multiple Access    453
   Multiplexing    453
   Multiple Access    455
Chapter 14: Air Interface Channel Coding    456
14.1 Transmission Errors    457
   Error Burst    457
   Data Transmission Channels    458
14.2 Forward Error Correction    460
   Block Error Correction    460
   Hamming Distance    462
14.3 Parity-Check Matrix Codes    466
   Encoding    469
   Error Detection    470
   Error Correction    470
14.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes    471
   Code Construction    472
   Error Correction    473
   Encoding    476
14.5 Polar Coding    476
   Polar Encoder    477
   Synthetic Channels    479
   Decoding    483
14.6 3GPP Channel Coding Specification    484
   Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes    485
   Polar Coding with CRC    486
14.7 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request    488
14.8 Key Terms and Review Questions    490
   Key Terms    490
   Review Questions    490
14.9 References and Documents    491
   References    491
   Documents    492
Chapter 15: 5G Radio Access Network    494
15.1 Overall RAN Architecture    494
15.2 RAN–Core Functional Split    499
   RAN Functional Areas    500
   Core Functional Areas    501
15.3 RAN Channel Structure    502
   Logical Channel    503
   Transport Channels    503
   Physical Channels    504
15.4 RAN Protocol Architecture    505
   Air Interface Protocol Architecture    505
   Channel Structure    508
   RAN–Core Network Interface Protocol Architecture    509
   Xn Interface Protocol Architecture    511
15.5 NG RAN Transport Network    512
15.6 Integrated Access and Backhaul    517
   IAB Architecture    519
   Parent/Child Relationship    520
   IAB Protocol Architecture    520
15.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    523
   Key Terms    523
   Review Questions    524
15.8 References and Documents    525
   References    525
PART V:Â APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Review Questions and Solutions    528
Appendix B: Glossary    594
Appendix C: Acronyms    604
Index    608
PART I:Â OVERVIEW
Chapter 1: Cellular Networks: Concepts and Evolution    2
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks    2
1.2 Cellular Network Concepts    4
   Cellular Organization    4
   Network System Elements    10
   Operation of Cellular Systems    11
1.3 First Generation (1G)Â Â Â Â 14
1.4 Second Generation (2G)Â Â Â Â 15
   Time-Division Multiple Access    16
   GSM Architecture    17
   Radio Link Aspects    20
1.5 Third Generation (3G)Â Â Â Â 20
   Code-Division Multiple Access    21
   3G Architecture    21
1.6 Fourth Generation (4G)Â Â Â Â 24
   E-UTRAN    26
   LTE-Advanced Transmission Characteristics    29
   Evolved Packet Core    33
1.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    34
   Key Terms    34
   Review Questions    35
Chapter 2: 5G Standards and Specifications    36
2.1 ITU-R and IMT-2020Â Â Â Â 37
   International Mobile Telecommunications    38
   Capabilities    38
   Usage Scenarios    41
   Use Cases    43
   Evaluation    46
2.2 ITU-T and IMT-2020Â Â Â Â 57
   Requirements    57
   Network Slicing    59
   Fixed Mobile Convergence    61
   IMT-2020 Core Network Framework    62
2.3 3GPPÂ Â Â Â 65
   3GPP Releases    69
   Detailed Requirements    70
2.4 Key Terms and Review Questions    72
   Key Terms    72
   Review Questions    73
2.5 References and Documents    74
   References    74
   Documents    74
Chapter 3: Overview of 5G Use Cases and Architecture    76
3.1 5G Use Cases    77
   ITU-R    77
   5G Americas    77
   NGMA Alliance    79
3.2 NGMN 5G Architecture Framework    81
   Layered Functionality    82
   Network Slicing    85
3.3 3GPP 5G Architecture    87
   5G Core Network Architecture    87
   Radio Access Network Architecture    94
   Session Establishment    97
3.4 Key Terms and Review Questions    98
   Key Terms    98
   Review Questions    99
3.5 References and Documents    99
   References    99
   Documents    100
Chapter 4: Enhanced Mobile Broadband    102
4.1 eMBB Deployment Scenarios    103
   Indoor Hotspot    104
   Dense Urban    105
   Rural    105
4.2 eMBB Performance Characteristics    105
   Data Rate Requirements    106
   Spectral Efficiency Requirements    107
   Latency Requirements    108
   Mobility Requirements    108
   System Requirements    109
4.3 Smart Office: An Indoor Hotspot Use Case    110
4.4 Dense Urban Information Society: A Dense Urban Use Case    111
4.5 Radiocommunication Systems Between Train and Trackside: A Rural eMBB Use Case    113
   Elements of RSTT    114
   Applications of RSTT    114
   Broadband Connectivity for Passengers    116
   Linear Cell Architecture    117
4.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    118
   Key Terms    118
   Review Questions    118
4.7 References and Documents    119
   References    119
   Documents    119
Chapter 5: Massive Machine Type Communications    122
5.1 mMTC Performance Requirements    123
5.2 The Internet of Things    124
   The Scope of the Internet of Things    125
   Things on the Internet of Things    128
   Components of IoT-Enabled Things    128
   Constrained Devices    129
   IoT and Cloud Context    130
5.3 Relationship Between mMTC and the IoTÂ Â Â Â 133
5.4 Relationship Between mMTC and NB-IoT and eMTCÂ Â Â Â 135
   Comparison of NB-IoT and eMTC    135
   Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA)    136
5.5 Smart Agriculture    138
   Model of IoT Deployment    138
   Use Cases    140
   Precision Crop Management    145
   Network Performance Requirements    150
5.6 Smart Cities    150
   Smart City Use Cases    151
   ICT Architecture for Smart Cities    158
   Network Performance Requirements    160
5.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    162
   Key Terms    162
   Review Questions    163
5.8 References and Documents    163
   References    163
   Documents    164
Chapter 6: Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications    166
6.1 URLLC Performance Requirements    167
   Latency    168
   Mobility    169
   Reliability    170
   NGMN Definitions    170
6.2 URLLC Use Cases in Emerging Mission-Critical Applications    171
   Industrial Automation    171
   Ground Vehicles, Drones, and Robots    171
   Tactile Interaction    171
   Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality    172
   Emergencies, Disasters, and Public Safety    176
   Urgent Healthcare    176
   Intelligent Transportation    177
6.3 URLLC Applications Based on Performance Requirements    178
   Higher Reliability and Lower Latency    179
   Higher Reliability, Higher Availability, and Lower Latency    180
   Very Low Latency    181
   Higher Accuracy Positioning    181
   Higher Availability    181
   Mission-Critical Services    182
6.4 Industry 4.0Â Â Â Â 182
   Factory Automation Architecture    183
   Application Areas    185
   Use Cases    187
   Performance Requirements    189
6.5 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management    191
   UTM Architecture    192
   5G Performance Requirements for UTM    194
6.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    197
   Key Terms    197
   Review Questions    198
6.7 References and Documents    199
   References    199
   Documents    199
Chapter 7: Software-Defined Networking    202
7.1 Evolving Network Requirements    203
7.2 The SDN Approach    204
   Modern Network Requirements    204
   SDN Architecture    204
   Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking    207
7.3 SDN Data Plane    207
   Data Plane Functions    207
   Data Plane Protocols    209
7.4 OpenFlow    209
   Flow Table Structure    211
   Flow Table Pipeline    214
   The Use of Multiple Tables    216
   Group Table    217
   OpenFlow Protocol    217
7.5 SDN Control Plane    218
   Control Plane Functions    218
   Southbound Interface    220
   Northbound Interface    220
   Eastbound Interface    223
   Westbound Interface    224
7.6 SDN Application Plane    225
   Application Plane Architecture    225
   Northbound Interface    226
   Network Services Abstraction Layer    226
   Network Applications    226
   User Interface    230
7.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    230
   Key Terms    230
   Review Questions    231
7.8 References and Documents    231
   References    231
   Documents    232
Chapter 8: Network Functions Virtualization    234
8.1 Background and Motivation for NFVÂ Â Â Â 235
8.2 Virtual Machines and Containers    236
   Hypervisor    236
   Architectural Approaches    238
   Container Virtualization    241
8.3 NFV Concepts    242
   Simple Example of the Use of NFV    245
   NFV Principles    246
   High-Level NFV Framework    246
8.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements    248
   NFV Benefits    248
   NFV Requirements    249
8.5 NFV Reference Architecture    250
   NFV Management and Orchestration    251
   Reference Points    251
8.6 NFV Infrastructure    252
   Container Interface    253
   Deployment of NFVI Containers    256
   Logical Structure of NFVI Domains    257
   Compute Domain    258
   Hypervisor Domain    260
   Infrastructure Network Domain    261
8.7 Virtualized Network Functions    263
   VNF Interfaces    263
   VNFC-to-VNFC Communication    264
   VNF Scaling    266
8.8 SDN and NFVÂ Â Â Â 267
8.9 Key Terms and Review Questions    269
   Key Terms    269
   Review Questions    270
8.10 References and Documents    271
   References    271
   Documents    271
Chapter 9: Core Network Functionality, QoS, and Network Slicing    272
9.1 Core Network Requirements    273
   Network Operational Requirements    273
   Basic Network Requirements    275
9.2 Core Network Functional Architecture    279
   Tunneling    281
   PDU Session Establishment    283
   Policy Control Function    287
9.3 Quality of Service    291
   QoS Capabilities    291
   QoS Architectural Framework    294
   QoS Classification, Marking, and Differentiation    297
   3GPP QoS Architecture    298
   QoS Parameters    299
   QoS Characteristics    301
   Standardized 5QI-to-QoS Characteristic Mapping    303
9.4 Network Slicing    307
   Network Slicing Concepts    308
   Requirements for Network Slicing    310
   Identifying and Selecting a Network Slice    312
   Functional Aspects of Network Slicing    313
   Generic Slice Template    314
9.5 SDN and NFV Support for 5GÂ Â Â Â 315
9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    319
   Key Terms    319
   Review Questions    319
9.7 References and Documents    320
   References    320
   Documents    320
Chapter 10: Multi-Access Edge Computing    322
10.1 MEC and 5GÂ Â Â Â 323
10.2 MEC Architectural Concepts    324
10.3 ETSI MEC Architecture    327
   Design Principles    328
   MEC System Reference Architecture    329
   Related Elements    332
10.4 MEC in NFVÂ Â Â Â 333
   MEC Components Implemented as VNFs    333
   MEC Components Replaced by NFV Components    335
   MEC System-Level Components    335
10.5 MEC Support for Network Slicing    335
10.6 MEC Use Cases    336
   Consumer-Oriented Services    337
   Operator and Third-Party Services    342
   Network Performance and QoS Improvements    344
10.7 3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications    349
   EDGEAPP Functional Architecture    350
   Synergized Mobile Edge Cloud Architecture    352
10.8 Key Terms and Review Questions    353
   Key Terms    353
   Review Questions    353
10.9 References and Documents    354
   References    354
   Documents    355
Chapter 11: Wireless Transmission    356
11.1 Channel Capacity    357
   Nyquist Bandwidth    357
   Shannon Capacity Formula    358
11.2 Line-of-Sight Transmission    361
   Refraction    362
   Optical and Radio Line of Sight    363
11.3 Line-of-Sight Transmission Impairments    364
   Attenuation    364
   Free Space Loss    365
   Path Loss Exponent in Practical Cellular Systems    368
   Noise    369
   The Expression Eb/N0    372
   Atmospheric Absorption    374
   Multipath    375
   Refraction    376
11.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment    376
   Multipath Propagation    376
   The Effects of Multipath Propagation    377
   Types of Fading    378
   The Fading Channel    379
11.5 Millimeter Wave Transmission for 5GÂ Â Â Â 381
   Propagation Impairments    381
   Implications for 5G    385
11.6 Key Terms and Review Questions    387
   Key Terms    387
   Review Questions    388
11.7 References    389
ANNEX 11A: Decibels and Signal Strength    389
Chapter 12: Antennas    394
12.1 Channel Correction Mechanisms    394
   Adaptive Equalization    395
   Diversity Techniques    396
   Adaptive Modulation and Coding    398
   Forward Error Correction    398
12.2 Introduction to Antennas    399
   Radiation Patterns    399
   Antenna Types    401
   Antenna Gain    406
12.3 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antennas    407
   MIMO Principles    408
   Multiple-User MIMO    410
12.4 Advanced Cellular Antennas    411
   Evolution of Cellular Antennas    411
   Beamforming    412
   Active Antenna Systems    416
   Massive MIMO    417
12.5 Key Terms and Review Questions    420
   Key Terms    420
   Review Questions    421
12.6 References    422
Chapter 13: Air Interface Physical Layer    424
13.1 Modulation Schemes    424
   Modulation    425
   Amplitude-Shift Keying    425
   Frequency-Shift Keying    426
   Phase-Shift Keying    426
   Quadrature Amplitude Modulation    433
   pi/2-BPSK    437
13.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMAÂ Â Â Â 438
   Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing    438
   OFDM Implementation    441
   Difficulties of OFDM    444
   Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access    445
   Single-Carrier FDMA    446
13.3 Waveforms and Numerologies    448
   Numerology    448
   CP-OFDM    449
   DFT-S-OFDM    450
13.4 Key Terms and Review Questions    451
   Key Terms    451
   Review Questions    452
13.5 References and Documents    453
   References    453
   Documents    453
ANNEX 13A: Multiplexing and Multiple Access    453
   Multiplexing    453
   Multiple Access    455
Chapter 14: Air Interface Channel Coding    456
14.1 Transmission Errors    457
   Error Burst    457
   Data Transmission Channels    458
14.2 Forward Error Correction    460
   Block Error Correction    460
   Hamming Distance    462
14.3 Parity-Check Matrix Codes    466
   Encoding    469
   Error Detection    470
   Error Correction    470
14.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes    471
   Code Construction    472
   Error Correction    473
   Encoding    476
14.5 Polar Coding    476
   Polar Encoder    477
   Synthetic Channels    479
   Decoding    483
14.6 3GPP Channel Coding Specification    484
   Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes    485
   Polar Coding with CRC    486
14.7 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request    488
14.8 Key Terms and Review Questions    490
   Key Terms    490
   Review Questions    490
14.9 References and Documents    491
   References    491
   Documents    492
Chapter 15: 5G Radio Access Network    494
15.1 Overall RAN Architecture    494
15.2 RAN–Core Functional Split    499
   RAN Functional Areas    500
   Core Functional Areas    501
15.3 RAN Channel Structure    502
   Logical Channel    503
   Transport Channels    503
   Physical Channels    504
15.4 RAN Protocol Architecture    505
   Air Interface Protocol Architecture    505
   Channel Structure    508
   RAN–Core Network Interface Protocol Architecture    509
   Xn Interface Protocol Architecture    511
15.5 NG RAN Transport Network    512
15.6 Integrated Access and Backhaul    517
   IAB Architecture    519
   Parent/Child Relationship    520
   IAB Protocol Architecture    520
15.7 Key Terms and Review Questions    523
   Key Terms    523
   Review Questions    524
15.8 References and Documents    525
   References    525
   Documents    525
Appendix A: Review Questions and Solutions    528
Appendix B: Glossary    594
Appendix C: Acronyms    604
Index    608
Dr. William Stallings has made a unique contribution to understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer security, computer networking, and computer architecture. He has authored 20 textbooks, and, counting revised editions, more than 75 books on various aspects of these subjects. His writings have appeared in numerous ACM and IEEE publications, including the Proceedings of the IEEE and ACM Computing Reviews. He has 13 times received the award for the best computer science textbook of the year from the Text and Academic Authors Association.
In over 30 years in the field, he has been a technical contributor, a technical manager, and an executive with several high-technology firms. He has designed and implemented both TCP/IP-based and OSIbased protocol suites on a variety of computers and operating systems, ranging from microcomputers to mainframes. Currently he is an independent consultant whose clients have included computer and networking manufacturers and customers, software development firms, and leading-edge government research institutions.
He created and maintains the Computer Science Student Resource Site at ComputerScienceStudent.com. This site provides documents and links on a variety of subjects of general interest to computer science students (and professionals). He is a member of the editorial board of Cryptologia, a scholarly journal devoted to all aspects of cryptology.
Dr. Stallings holds a PhD from M.I.T. in computer science and a B.S. from Notre Dame in electrical engineering.
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