Trigonometric Functions on the Unit Circle - Online Tutor, Practice Problems & Exam Prep

The unit circle connects angles to specific coordinates, where the sine and cosine of an angle correspond to the y and x values, respectively. For example, at 53 degrees, sine equals 4/5 and cosine equals 3/5. Tangent is calculated as the ratio of sine to cosine. Understanding these relationships simplifies finding trigonometric values across all angles, including quadrantal angles like 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees, where tangent can be undefined. This foundational knowledge is crucial for further studies in trigonometry and its applications.

Sine, Cosine, & Tangent on the Unit Circle

Hey everyone. We just learned about the unit circle, and we saw that every angle corresponds to a specific x, y coordinate on that unit circle. Like our angle of 0 degrees corresponds to the point 1,0. But how exactly are these two things related mathematically? Well, they're related using trigonometric functions, which specifically relate angles to points on our unit circle. Now you may have worked with these trig functions, sine, cosine, and tangent before using right triangles. So it may seem really strange here that we're now working with these trig functions using a circle, but it's actually the exact same thing because we can think of all of these angles as forming a right triangle. And it's actually going to be even easier to find trig values of an angle because they're just going to be equal to the x and y coordinates on our unit circle. And I'm going to show you exactly how that works here. So let's go ahead and get started.

Now looking at our angle of 53 degrees here, I see that it corresponds to this point, 3/5, 4/5 on that unit circle. Now if I trace my x and my y values here, I have formed a right triangle. And this right triangle has a hypotenuse of 1 because that's the radius of the unit circle. Then it has a base of my x value and a height of that y value that we see in this coordinate right here. Now looking at this triangle, if I asked you to find the sine of 53 degrees and the cosine of 53 degrees using this triangle, you would actually find that the sine is just equal to that y value or the height of our triangle and the cosine is going to be equal to the x value or the base of our triangle. And this is actually how it's going to work for every single angle on our unit circle. The sine of an angle is always the y value or the height of our corresponding triangle, and the cosine of an angle is always the x value or the base of our corresponding triangle.

Now you're not going to want to have to set up a triangle and work this out algebraically every single time. So I like to remember this by just looking at my ordered pair. Now we know that ordered pairs go in the order x, y. And I like to think about my trig functions as going in alphabetical order. I know that c comes before s in the alphabet, so cosine comes before sine here. My cosine is my x value and my sine is my y value. Now like I said, this works for any angle on our unit circle, so let's come down to our 0 degree angle measure here. Now, this can be kind of strange to think about as a triangle, but think about your triangle as being squished against that x axis to give it a height of 0. Now when looking at these values here, 1 and 0, I know that the cosine of 0 degrees is equal to 1 and the sine of 0 degrees is equal to 0, which makes sense because the height of my triangle is 0 here.

Now we don't want to forget about tangent because we still need to find the value of our tangent. Now you might have calculated the tangent previously by dividing sine over cosine. But since our sine and our cosine correspond to our y and x values here, we can find the tangent of an angle by simply dividing y over x. So coming back over here to the tangent of 0 degrees, if I take my y value of 0 and divide it by my x value of 1, I end up getting that the tangent of 0 degrees is simply 0. Now let's go ahead and look at the tangent of our other 3 quadrantal angles on our unit circle starting with 90 degrees. So the tangent of 90 degrees, if I take my y value of 1 divided by my x value of 0, I end up with a fraction dividing by 0 which is not something that we can do. So this is actually an undefined value. Now if I come over here to 180 degrees, I will end up with 0 on the top of my fraction the same way I did with 0 degrees. So the tangent of 180 degrees is also equal to 0. Now let's come down here to the tangent of 270 degrees. We will end up dividing by 0 the way we did with 90 degrees. So this is again an undefined value. But these are not the only 4 points on our unit circle. Right? We know that we have all of these other points actually forming the rest of our circle.

So let's go ahead and take a look at the trig values of some other points along this circle. Now looking at 217 degrees here, first, I come down to this 3rd quadrant looking at my angle of 217 degrees. Now we can go ahead and draw our triangle here in order to visualize this a little bit more. And then looking at this ordered pair, I remember, okay, x y c s, telling me which is my cosine and which is my sine. So looking at this 2 sine of 217 degrees, I know that that's my y value. So the sine of 217 degrees is negative 3/5. Now it may seem strange here to have a negative value for a trig function, but this is totally fine because looking at the triangle that is on this graph, we see that we are in the negative y values because this is attached to a coordinate system, right? So it's totally fine to have a negative trig value. Now our cosine here is our x value. Remember negative 4/5 which is also a negative value which makes sense looking at the triangle on our graph here. And then finally we have the tangent of 217 degrees. Now remember for the tangent of our angle we want to take our y value and divide it by our x value. So here we would take negative three over 5 and divide it by negative 4 over 5. Now whenever we divide fractions, we're just really multiplying by the reciprocal, so this would be negative 3/5 times negative 5/4, the reciprocal here. Now those fives are going to cancel, and the negatives will cancel as well, leaving me with an answer of 3/4. Now looking at this, you may have noticed that because these have the exact same denominator, we have effectively just divided their numerators. So you can think about that as kind of a shortcut here as we continue to work with dividing fractions. So this tells me the tangent of 217 degrees is 3/4.

Now let's move on to our final example here. We have an angle measure of 60 degrees in that first quadrant. Now looking at my 60 degree angle, I can go ahead and draw that triangle if it makes you happy, and then we can go ahead and identify our trig values. Now remember looking at our ordered pair x, y, c, s, my cosine value is that 1/2 that I can go ahead and fill in and then my sine value is that y sqrt(3)/2. Now for the tangent, we again take y over x. And looking at these numbers, they again have the same exact denominator of 2. So effectively we're just going to be dividing their numerators. So if I take the numerator of each of them, sqrt(3)/1, that just gives me a value of the square root of 3, and I'm done here. The tangent of 60 degrees is the square root of 3. Now that we've seen how trig values relate angles to their ordered pair on the unit circle, let's get a bit more practice together. Thanks for watching, and I'll see you in the next one.

Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of each angle using the unit circle.

$\theta=-1.18$ rad, $\left(\frac{5}{13},-\frac{12}{13}\right)$

• A. $\sin \theta =-\frac{12}{13},\cos \theta =\frac{5}{13},\tan \theta =\frac{12}{5}$
• B. $\sin\theta=-\frac{12}{13},\cos\theta=\frac{5}{13},\tan\theta=-\frac{12}{5}$
• C. $\sin\theta=\frac{12}{13},\cos\theta=\frac{5}{13},\tan\theta=\frac{5}{12}$
• D. $\sin\theta=\frac{5}{13},\cos\theta=\frac{-12}{13},\tan\theta=\frac{5}{12}$

Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of each angle using the unit circle.

$\theta=225\degree,\left(-\frac{\sqrt2}{2},-\frac{\sqrt2}{2}\right)$

• A. $\sin\theta=-\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\cos\theta=-\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\tan\theta=2$
• B. $\sin\theta=\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\cos\theta=-\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\tan\theta=-1$
• C. $\sin\theta=-\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\cos\theta=-\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\tan\theta=1$
• D. $\sin\theta=\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\cos\theta=\frac{\sqrt2}{2},\tan\theta=\frac{\sqrt2}{1}$

Here’s what students ask on this topic:

What are the sine and cosine values for common angles on the unit circle?

On the unit circle, common angles and their sine and cosine values are as follows:

• 0°: cos(0°) = 1, sin(0°) = 0
• 30°: cos(30°) = √3/2, sin(30°) = 1/2
• 45°: cos(45°) = √2/2, sin(45°) = √2/2
• 60°: cos(60°) = 1/2, sin(60°) = √3/2
• 90°: cos(90°) = 0, sin(90°) = 1

These values are derived from the coordinates of points on the unit circle corresponding to these angles.

How do you find the tangent of an angle using the unit circle?

To find the tangent of an angle using the unit circle, you divide the sine of the angle by the cosine of the angle. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

$\frac{\sin }{\cos }$

For example, for an angle of 45°, the sine is √2/2 and the cosine is √2/2. Therefore, the tangent is:

$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}}=\; 1$

Why are some tangent values undefined on the unit circle?

Tangent values are undefined on the unit circle when the cosine of the angle is zero, as this results in division by zero. For example, at 90° and 270°, the cosine values are 0, making the tangent values undefined:

$\frac{1}{0}and\frac{-1}{0}$

Division by zero is not possible, hence the tangent is undefined at these angles.

How do you determine the coordinates of a point on the unit circle for a given angle?

To determine the coordinates of a point on the unit circle for a given angle, you use the cosine and sine of that angle. The x-coordinate is the cosine of the angle, and the y-coordinate is the sine of the angle. For example, for an angle of 60°:

x = cos(60°) = 1/2

y = sin(60°) = √3/2

Thus, the coordinates are (1/2, √3/2).

What is the relationship between the unit circle and right triangles?

The unit circle and right triangles are related because any angle on the unit circle can form a right triangle with the x-axis. The hypotenuse of this triangle is the radius of the unit circle (which is 1), the adjacent side is the x-coordinate (cosine), and the opposite side is the y-coordinate (sine). This relationship simplifies finding trigonometric values.