4. Sensation and Perception

As we age, our eyes lose the ability to accommodate, causing many people to need reading classes. Which structure of the eye is likely affected?

Why do our eyes have a blind spot?

What sensory receptors are triggered by chemical substances?

_____ is the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity.

If you stare at something for a long time, it does not disappear, because

Sound waves and light waves share

_____ cells have a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other.

The research of Ernst Weber led to the formulation of a theory of

Research has shown that subliminal perception

If you are experiencing habituation,

Dominique is making a rice dish for 5 people that requires 4 teaspoons of salt. If she were to add just one more teaspoon of salt to the rice after tasting it, half of the time she would be able to notice a difference. If Dominique decides to triple her recipe to feed 15 people, which would call for a total of 12 teaspoons of salt, how many teaspoons of salt would need to be added for a person to be able to taste the difference half of the time?

When Consuela first put on her scarf, she could feel it quite easily. After a while, however, Consuela forgot that she was wearing a scarf at all; the sensation was gone. Which of the following processes is occurring?

Fenhua got into his car and turned on the radio. He turned the volume up to a comfortable level. After a few minutes of driving, however, the once-comfortable level seemed to be too low, so Fenhua turned up the volume. What has happened?

The term _____ refers to stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness.

The _____ is the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time that the stimulation is present.

The tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information is known as

Many people believe that some stimuli act upon the unconscious mind and influence behavior, a process called

_____ is the way the brain deals with unchanging information from the environment.

If a researcher finds that one drop of perfume diffused through a three-room apartment is the minimum amount of stimuli needed to notice the scent, then this would be a test of one's

"Packets" of light waves are referred to as

Color is largely determined by the

Light bends as it passes through substances of different densities, a process known as

As your lens hardens through aging, you may have trouble with

The image projected on the retina is

Full dark adaptation, such as going from constant light to sudden darkness when turning out one's bedroom lights, takes about _____ minutes.

Thomas Young's theory of color vision

Cones are the special cells responsible for

In opponent-process theory, there are _____ primary colors.

Mateo has trouble seeing colors because the cones in his eyes do not work properly. When Mateo does see color, he sees primarily in blues, yellows, and shades of gray and confuses reds and greens. Mateo suffers from

The three aspects to the perception of light are brightness, color, and

Where is the retina located?

What are the three primary colors of light?

A highly saturated red color would contain _____ wavelengths.

Rods are visual sensory receptors responsible for

Which of the following statements is true about color blindness?

According to the textbook, _____ have greater odds of inheriting color-deficient vision than _____.

_____ is due to the lack of functioning cones.

_____ occurs as the eye recovers its ability to see when going from a brightly lit state to a dark state.

Which of statements is true about the lens?

Sound wavelengths are interpreted by the brain as

The eardrum is also known as the

Wever and Bray theorized that groups of auditory neurons take turns firing in a process called

Normal aging causes loss of hair cells in the

Which of the following sounds is least likely to be interpreted by the brain as a high pitch?

Which mammals have the ability to hear frequencies up to 200,000 Hz?

People who have difficulty with their hearing are said to be either totally or partially

Nerve hearing impairment can be helped with the use of

What portion of the ear serves as a funnel for sound from the outside world?

What is the common name for the taste receptor cells?

The bumps on the tongue are called

How many primary taste sensations have been identified by researchers?

The cilia in the nose act most like

When you smell an odor, which aspect of the substance that you are smelling actually enters your nose to create the sensation of smell?

While everyone else seemed to be enjoying the snack mix at the party, Nefeli was unable to eat it, noting that it was just 'too seasoned for my taste.' Based solely on her comment, one could probably assume that Nefeli

Which of the following foods would most likely produce a brothy, or umami, taste?

In 1996, Lindemann proposed a fifth primary receptor that detects which type of taste?

Which is one of the five basic tastes?

When you smell bread baking, the bread odor particles

Which statement best explains how the sense of taste works?

The kinesthetic sense involves

_____ pain is detected in the organs.

As many as 50 to 80 percent of people who have had amputations experience a condition called

When you close your eyes and raise your hand above your head, you know where your hand is because of

The _____ sense is the body process that is mostly to blame if you become dizzy after a long ride on a carousel at the amusement park.

While on active duty in the army, Chris was involved in a serious accident that led to the amputation of his leg. Though his leg is no longer there, Chris still reports feeling burning and tingling in his missing limb. Chris is most likely experiencing

During her flight to Chicago, Ariel's plane experienced severe turbulence. As a result, Ariel became sick to her stomach. Ariel's sickness may be best explained by

According to gate-control theory,

_____ can inhibit the transmission of pain signals in the brain.

Motion sickness can be explained by

There are two kinds of vestibular organs, the

The sense of pain can be diminished by

The body's reaction to dizziness with nausea is

One week ago Terry stepped on a nail while walking around barefoot in her yard. The spot where the skin was punctured still hurts, reminding her to take it easy on her foot. The soreness Terry is experiencing is known as _____ pain.

Cooking grease splatters John while he is making breakfast, and he quickly jumps away from the stove. The pain he experiences is best described as _____ pain.

A person will perceive a coin as a circle, even if it is held at an angle to appear to the eye as an oval, because of

In the figure-ground relationship, one has a tendency to perceive objects

While on a class field trip, Erika was mistakenly guided away from her group because she was standing closer to students from another class. The rule of perception to which this mix-up may best relate is

In Gestalt theories, the principle of closure refers to the tendency to

The _____ focus on human perception can still be seen in basic principles of perception today.

People who are blind from birth, but later have their sight restored, are unlikely to develop

Linear perspective is an example of

______ is the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object.

Which of the following is true about depth perception?

Which of the following is true about pictorial depth cues?

Depth perception seems to develop

Artists use the trick of _____ to give the illusion of depth in a painting.

Randy and Ahmed are both listening to the same music. Randy thinks the music is mellow and relaxing, while Ahmed thinks the music is unpleasant to the ear. Randy and Ahmed appear to have different _____ when it comes to the music they are listening to.

_____ refers to a rapid series of still pictures that seem to be in motion.

The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole is known as

The phi phenomenon is related to

Why is it that people who live in Western cultures are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than those who do not?

A child may see a dog and say, 'Cat!' because both animals have fur. When corrected, the child may change the scheme for cat to 'furry' and 'pointy ears.' This is an example of

Three-year-old Rosalie loves Kewpie dolls, so she decides to give one to her mother for a birthday present. Rosalie's behaivor demonstrates

Jean Piaget proposed that children become able to deal effectively with abstract concepts during the _____ stage of cognitive development.

In his theories of development, Jean Piaget focused primarily on

In an effort to understand what it means to be a girl, Maria creates the schema that all girls have long hair. When Maria meets Jared, a boy in her preschool who has long hair, Maria becomes confused. Maria's confusion may be due to a process Jean Piaget called

While talking with his Grandma on the phone, little Marcelo suddenly exclaims, 'Oh, look at that pretty red bird!' When his grandmother asks him to describe the bird, Marcelo says, 'Out there, out there! Right there, Grandma!' He finally gets frustrated and hangs up. This is an example of

By the end of Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage, infants have fully developed a sense of

The visual cliff experiment demonstrated that babies have

In Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, _____ refers to the inability of a young child to mentally reverse an action.

Seeing a dog for the first time, Kenetra—whose family owns a cat—points and says "cat." Jean Piaget would say this is an example of