7. Memory

In the information processing model, what is the primary purpose of encoding?

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory?

The _____ assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored.

On the first day of school, all of the students in Ms. Randall's class shared with her their names. Ms. Randall's students were engaging in the process of

According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _____ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.

In an original study that explored how information is stored in long-term memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) asked participants to respond "true" or "false" as quickly as possible to sentences such as "a canary is a bird" and "a canary is an animal." The results of this study suggest that

The _____ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence.

In the three memory systems model, the second stage is

Amanda was reading through her course text, but found she could not remember anything that she read. She realized that although she was seeing the words, she was not processing the information. The information-processing memory system being used by Amanda was _____ memory.

In the information-processing model, the first process in the memory system is _____ memory.

Psychologists consider memory to be

Sensory information is converted into a form usable in the brain's storage systems by a set of mental operations called

The _____ can be used to explain how rapidly the points on the semantic network can be accessed.

The information-processing model of memory suggests that

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the _____ model.

To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages them to think deeply about the meaning of the words, to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. Professor Williams is using which model of memory?

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, when all of a sudden, he thinks, "Was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior?

Visual sensory memory is known as _____ memory.

Gabriella has the ability to look quickly at a page in a book, then focus on a blank piece of paper and "read" the words from the image of the page that still linger in his sensory memory. Gabriella's ability is an example of

Kestrel always asks for a window whenever he flies, because he loves looking at the clouds and their shapes as the plane flies above them. The type of sensory memory used when viewing the clouds is _____ memory.

In real life, information that has just entered iconic memory will be pushed out very quickly by new information. Research suggests that after _____, old information is replaced by new information.

In Broadbent's filter theory, only a stimulus that is _____ enough will be passed on to be analyzed for meaning in short-term memory.

In spite of the loud music and many conversations at the party, Sarika was able to hear her friend say her name. Sarika's ability to hear her name regardless of the background noise is an example of

Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in

George Miller concluded that the capacity of short-term memory is

Akari is able to remember her Social Security number by breaking it into three parts: three numbers/two numbers/four numbers. Akari is using the process of

Jade was asked to participate in an experiment. The experimenter read aloud to her a series of numbers that she was then asked to repeat back to him in the same order. As Jade continued to answer correctly, the lists became longer and longer until she finally could not get the numbers right. The experiment in which Jade was asked to participate involved the use of what memory test?

The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using

The system of working memory processes the information in

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is

One may transfer information from short-term memory into long-term memory by

Research on _____ memory has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders as well as various dementia-related memory problems.

On the way to the grocery store, James repeats his list to himself—'Bread, milk, butter. Bread, milk butter.' James is using

_____ memory is like a giant filing system in which the files are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion.

After she had used the process of maintenance rehearsal many times, Akari's Social Security number

Once Sarah learned how to tie her shoes, the action became part of her _____ memory.

In _____, new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed.

Erik solved a crossword puzzle on Monday. By Thursday, he could not remember the words in the puzzle. On Thursday night when he was playing a word game with his best friend, however, he unconsciously used words that were in the puzzle. Erik's experience is an example of _____ memory.

Elvira knew the name of the first president of the United States without giving it a moment's thought. This is

An example of an episodic memory would be

It is extremely difficult to bring _____ memories into consciousness.

As Nevide was listening to the radio, an old song that he had not heard in a very long time began to play. To his amazement, not only was he able to sing along, but he remembered every word. It appears that the song that Nevide heard on the radio was stored in his _____ memory.

Dr. Raime asked his students, 'Who was the 'Father of Psychology' and why?' Kanye responded, 'Wilhelm Wundt, who in 1879 was credited as developing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.' The information that Kanye was able to recall reflects which type of long-term memory?

Memory for facts is called _____ memory because facts are things that are known and can be stated outright.

_____ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.

The fact that everyone remembers George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect as a result of

On the Internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how

After his accident, Bryan had trouble remembering facts and events that were related to his personal history. He was suffering from a loss of _____ memory.

Marcos and his friends enjoy watching football together on Sundays. After some of the games are over, Marcos tells his friends that he knew all along who would win the game. His belief that he could predict the outcome of some of the games without having been told the winners in advance is an example of

As opposed to _____ memories, _____ memories are easily made conscious.

Tadeo walked into a room and knew that there is something he needed, but in order to remember it, he had to go back to the room he started in and use his surroundings. This illustrates

_____ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called

Pedro was able to recall his new friend's phone number by reminding himself that the last four digits were the same as his own, just in a different order. Pedro was using _____ to help him remember his friend's phone number.

A multiple-choice test requires the use of what type of retrieval process?

What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

A study discussed in the textbook researched the effects of different types of information on memory. Its subjects viewed a slide presentation of a traffic accident. The actual slide presentation contained a stop sign, but in a written summary of the presentation, the sign was referred to as a yield sign. What were the results of this study?

A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images

Donyelle finds that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates

Bill was interviewing people for a job opening in his department. The _____ effect suggests that the first and last person interviewed for a job will be better remembered by the interviewer than all the people in the middle.

Which is an example of a recognition task?

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is

When given a list of grocery items to remember, Marissa can only recall the last several items on the list. Marissa's memory lapse is a good illustration of

To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?

People's memories of September 11, 2001, are best described as

Why do flashbulb memories seem so vivid and exact?

The constructive processing view says that every time a memory is retrieved

Namiko was in a study room during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Namiko was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also

Elizabeth Loftus's research determined that

_____ syndrome refers to the creation of inaccurate memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.

Riva, an eyewitness to a crime that took place on her street, was asked to testify in court about her memory of the crime. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who had also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement, which was different from her own, the accuracy of Riva's memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting

Ebbinghaus's _____ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour, and then tapers off gradually.

Manny was talking to his friend as he was walking out the door. A few minutes later, Manny asked his friend about the conversation they had few minutes earlier while walking out the door. Because his friend was not paying attention to him, he could not recall what Manny had said. Manny's friend experienced

Decay is the fading of

Long-term memories may be inaccessible because

It had been five years since Merrill had taken a psychology course, and he found himself back in school taking Introduction to Psychology all over again. Unfortunately, Merrill had a difficult time remembering anything that he had learned previously. Merrill's forgetting in this situation is most likely due to

The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?

If you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing

Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later, another man confessed to the crime. This is an example of

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of

Research suggests that short-term memories are stored in the

Quincy had a terrifying experience in which he was attacked by a dog. This memory is likely stored in the

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key protein involved in the formation of memories, is stimulated by

The _____ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

A common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy is

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

Explicit memory begins to form after about age two

Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing

Kayla fell and broke her arm at the age of two, but when asked if she remembers, she notes that she has no recollection of the incident. Kayla's inability to recall the event might be best explained as

Anterograde amnesia can be caused by

Early memories from the first few years of our lives are often difficult to bring into consciousness because they tend to be

The Tower of Hanoi study found that people with anterograde amnesia

Early memories before the age of two years tend to be implicit, which may explain

Puberty begins

Adolescence refers to the period between

The impulsive and often risky behavior that can be seen during adolescence is partially the result of

Generally speaking, people experience the peak of their physical functioning during their

People who _____ have been found to be far less likely to develop memory problems in old age.