6. Learning

What trend did Pavlov notice that eventually became the focus of his research?

Which term describes the bell in Pavlov's experiment before the acquisition phase?

Dr. Cho runs a lab studying learning in rats. Rats typically show a fear response (like freezing) when presented with a loud noise. Dr. Cho pairs a loud noise with a flash of light repeatedly until the rats freeze at the light alone. In this study, what is the conditioned stimulus?

For higher-order conditioning to occur, a new neutral stimulus must be paired with what?

Which of the following statements are accurate?

I) A cat runs to the kitchen every time they hear kibble being poured. Over time, the also begin to run to the kitchen anytime someone pours cereal. This is an example of stimulus generalization.

II) As stimulus generalization decreases, stimulus discrimination also decreases.

III) In stimulus discrimination, a similar stimulus will not elicit the conditioned response.

Which of the following situation is an example of extinction?

After extinction, a conditioned response may reappear when the conditioned stimulus is presented again after some time. What is this phenomenon?

Research suggests that once people learn something

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of

Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning?

While in the store with her little sister, Latisha decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her, Latisha's fear of losing her sister again caused Latisha to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Latisha's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following?

In defining learning,  _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.

Birds who find their food by sight will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that previously made them sick. This is a result of

Pavlov initially set out to study the _____ of his dogs.

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus when paired closely together in time.

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n) _____ stimulus.

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real conditioned stimulus, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called

Without the _____, higher-order conditioning would be difficult to maintain and would gradually fade away.

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response is a(n)

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they

_____ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

_____ pioneered the empirical study of the basic principles of classical conditioning.

_____ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

The response that is given to the conditioned stimulus is not usually quite as strong as the original unconditioned response

After a lengthy period during which the unconditioned stimulus was not applied, Pavlov's dogs stopped responding to the metronome. If a weaker conditioned response to the metronome occurred at some point after this, it would be a demonstration of

Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they

The term extinction may be misleading, because

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several such experiences, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when you are not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

At the end of the first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, 'You may all leave' just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

Dr. Rubio is conducting an experiment in classical conditioning. Shortly after playing music, she places a loaf of bread on the window sill outside her office window. After doing this a number of times, she notices that now, just as she begins to play her music, several birds fly to her window even before she presents the bread. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting of rice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n)

Theo gets excited whenever he finds a quarter lying on the ground outside. While walking home from school one day, Theo noticed a shiny round object lying on the sidewalk and became very excited. He soon realized that the object was a bottle cap and his excitement quickly dissipated. Which of the following concepts is demonstrated in this example?

Shortly after eating a piece of his great aunt's famous coconut cake, which he has had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his great aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which of the following concepts best explains Amad's change in behavior?

Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was _____ behavior.

_____ was one of the first researchers to look at the laws involved in learning voluntary responses.

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _________ on behavior.

The behavior of infants and animals can be easily reinforced using

_____  reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than _____ reinforcement.

The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, the action is likely to

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as

Following a response with the removal of something unpleasant is called

Which of the following would be considered a negative reinforcement?