8. Cognition

Which of the following correctly summarizes what we currently understand about infant’s phoneme discrimination abilities?

Which of the following is an example of overregularization?

Which developmental stage occurs in infancy and involves combining consonant and vowel sounds.

The idea of a sensitive period for language learning was first introduced as a part of which theory of language acquisition?

In order for people to be able to tell you how many televisions they have in their house, they would probably use a(n)

When people think, they often have _____ in their minds.

PET scans show areas of the _____ being activated during the process of forming an image.

_____ form as the result of people's experiences with concepts in the real world.

Whether a whale is a fish or a mammal is an example of a

Research suggests that _____ affect the person's prototype for that category.

A(n) _____ refers to a type of schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities.

As Carol sat at her workstation and daydreamed about being at the beach, she could actually see in her mind the sand, the water, and the blue sky. Carol was creating a _____ of the beach.

Vegetables, fruit, vehicles, and animals are all examples of _____, or categories of objects.

Derrick lives in the rugged mountains, so whenever he hears the word vehicle, the first thing that comes to mind is a jeep. For Derrick, a jeep is a(n) _____ for vehicle.

In the brain, creating a mental image is _____ seeing an actual image.

William's alarm clock went off, and he knew what he had to do. In waking up and getting ready for class in the morning, William would most likely follow a(n)

A mental image that is larger and covers more distance

Mechanical solutions may involve solving by

The representativeness heuristic can be used to create and sustain

A useful heuristic that works much of the time is

Writing a term paper may be best approached by using

A boy and his father are in a car crash. The father is killed, and the boy is rushed to the hospital. At the hospital, the doctor says, "I cannot operate on this boy. He's my son!" How is this possible? If a person thinks about this problem without using a particular method, and the answer just comes to them after a period of time, the person solved this problem with

Erik dropped a note under his car seat and could not find it. He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. He later realized he could have just held his cell phone under the seat to help illuminate the area. This is an example of

People who believe that aliens have come to Earth may disregard evidence that crop circles are human-made. This is an example of

You are vacuuming the floor when the vacuum cleaner suddenly stops working. You dump the contents of the vacuum, thinking it may be too full. It does not start. You remove the plug and replace it, pushing it in as far as it can go. Still nothing. You take the plug and put it into a different wall socket. It works! You have solved the problem of the malfunctioning vacuum cleaner by using

Sabrina's statistics instructor assigns math homework every week that requires Sabrina to solve mathematical problems using formulas. Sabrina is making use of what method of problem solving to complete her statistics homework?

Marion was asked to come up with a new slogan for her school's psychology club. At first thought, nothing came to mind. Then suddenly, 'Aha!' The perfect slogan became apparent to Marion, but she was not consciously aware of how she figured it out. Your 'aha!' moment is called

Alyssa has to write a research paper discussing the effects of video games on child behavior. Alyssa believes that video games lead to bad behavior in children, and only finds research that supports her views. Alyssa's inability to find information that supports more than her viewpoint is a demonstration of

A mechanical problem-solving technique is also known as

Heuristics could also be called

When the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind, it is called

One barrier to innovative problem solving is persisting in using techniques that have been successful in the past. This is called

If an instructor was referring to a stream during a lecture, a student's mental image is likely to be

A creative method of problem-solving is the use of

Which of the following images is the best example of a prototype for a fruit?

Trial and error is also known as

The _____ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory.

_____ can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered.

Examples of algorithms are

Latisha's new puppy cries each night when left in her crate. When Latisha picks up the puppy and holds her to her chest, the puppy stops crying and falls asleep. However, after she puts the puppy back in the crate, the crying begins again. After a few nights, Latisha suddenly realizes that her heartbeat is helping the dog fall asleep. She places a ticking clock next to the crate, and the puppy goes right to sleep at night. Latisha's realization is an example of

When solving a problem, Celeste is hesitant or unable to think beyond solutions that have worked in the past. Celeste is stuck in

Even after her girlfriends reported seeing her boyfriend Jeff out at clubs with other women, Jackie continues to believe her boyfriend and her friends who say the women are just old neighborhood friends. This is an example of

An important factor in the formation of prototypes is

Making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires

Brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping are all

The term _____ refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material.

Csikszentmihalyi found that creative people

Terry exhibits extraordinary musical ability. According to Spearman, this is an example of _____ intelligence.

Sternberg's three types of intelligence are analytical, creative, and

According to Sternberg's theory, _____ intelligence is measured in academic achievement tests.

According to Goleman, _____ is a more powerful influence on success in life than more traditional views of intelligence.

Samantha does really well with managing her own emotions, as well as recognizing and understanding the emotions of others around her. It could be said that Samantha has a high level of

Binet decided that a key element in testing intelligence was a child's

David Wechsler was the first to design an IQ test specifically for

You are taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and come to a question that requires you to recall a mixed list of numbers in correct ascending order. You are being tested for

One thing IQ tests do well is

Keneisha is only 11 years old, but she can answer questions that most 15 year olds can answer. Fifteen is Keneisha's

Brian is 25 years old and wants to take an intelligence test. Which of the following tests would be best for Brian to complete?

Shelly took the Stanford-Binet test at age 10 and scored a mental age of 13. Using Stern's formula, her IQ is

If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, that test has

Standard deviation is the average variation of scores from the

A test can fail in validity and still

Dr. Armen gives to his students a test that assesses their learning styles. Two weeks later, Dr. Armen gives the same test to the same students to see if the results remain consistent. Dr. Armen appears to be interested in the _____ of the test.

Dovorah has deficits in her cognitive functioning. These limitations were not really recognized until she got to school and her learning difficulties became apparent. As an adult, she is a fairly concrete thinker, although she is capable of living independently with a small amount of regular assistance. Dovorah is probably best described as suffering from _____ intellectual disability.

Terman determined that gifted people

Daria has an IQ score of 160. Based on her IQ score alone, Daria could be considered

'Michael painted the picture' and 'the picture was painted by Michael' have the same semantic meaning but different

In some languages, changing the _____ of a spoken word can change its entire meaning.

Derrick was given a test where he had to identify morphemes. In one particular case, he was asked to identify the number of morphemes in the word rescuer. If Derrick answered correctly, he was able to identify _____ morpheme(s).

The rhythm and emphasis of communicating is part of which language structure?

The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is

Five-year old Jordan is seeing a speech therapist in his preschool once a week because he has difficulty saying the 'r' sound in his own name. When he says his name, people think it sounds like 'jaw-dun.' From a language perspective, Jordan is having difficulty with a specific

According to Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through

Piaget noted that preschool children spent a great deal of time talking to themselves, even when playing together, and that the 'conversations' had nothing to do with the speech of the children around them. He called this process

Piaget theorized that _____ preceded and aided the development of _____.

Vygotsky believed that

Three-year-old Jamal is learning how to wait his turn to talk during circle time in preschool. Jamal is learning the _____ of language.

Whorf used the now-famous example of the many words Inuits use for snow to support the

The cognitive universalism theory states that

According to linguist Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device (LAD) is

Language allows people to _____ and _____.

Researchers have found that animals _____ with one another.

Kanzi, the chimpanzee, communicates with researchers by using

The debate over whether animals use real language centers around

Near the end of one's _____, oil glands in the neck and around the eyes begin to malfunction, contributing to wrinkles in those areas.

In middle age, sexual functioning

The cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle is called

Which statement is accurate regarding males and the lifespan?

The changes that people who menstruate experience 5 to 10 years prior to menopause are

In Erik Erikson's view, unfinished issues of identity lead to _____ in young adulthood.

Children raised with an authoritarian style of parenting are often

_____ parents seem to be too involved with their children.

During the intimacy-versus-isolation stage of psychosocial development, Erik Erikson thought the primary task to be

Erik Erikson believed that during late adulthood, people engage in a process called

Sylvia is a middle-aged woman who volunteers as a youth coordinator at her church and as a Girl Scout leader. She is developing what Erik Erikson referred to as

The physical arousal of emotion is created by the

Which behavior is a type of physiological arousal the body may exhibit due to experiencing an emotion?

Which part of the brain is associated with emotions, such as fear and pleasure, in both humans and animals?

According to research conducted byJoe LeDoux and colleagues, emotional stimuli travel to the brain through both a fast, crude subcortical 'low road' and through a slower 'high road' for processing by the

According to Joe LeDoux's research, it is possible that people with emotional disorders may be processing stimuli mainly through the _____ route, resulting in difficulty or inability to control emotions or override fears.