Which of the following p values would indicate that a statistically significant relationship was found between two variables?

• A. p < .01
• B. p < .05
• C. p < .09
• D. Both a and b

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of p-values: In hypothesis testing, a p-value helps determine the significance of your results. It represents the probability of observing the data, or something more extreme, if the null hypothesis is true.
2. Recognize the common significance levels: In psychology and many other fields, a p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) is typically considered statistically significant. This means there is less than a 5% probability that the observed results are due to chance.
3. Identify stricter significance levels: A p-value less than 0.01 (p < 0.01) indicates an even stronger evidence against the null hypothesis, with less than a 1% probability that the results are due to chance.
4. Evaluate the given options: Compare each p-value option to the common significance levels. Both p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 are considered statistically significant, as they fall below the 0.05 threshold.
5. Conclude which options indicate significance: Based on the evaluation, both p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 indicate statistically significant relationships, aligning with the common standards in psychological research.