The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole is known as

• A. perceptual expectancy.
• B. top-down processing.
• C. precognition.
• D. bottom-up processing.

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of 'top-down processing': This is a cognitive process where our brain uses preexisting knowledge, experiences, and expectations to interpret and organize sensory information into a coherent whole.
2. Recognize that 'perceptual expectancy' is closely related to top-down processing, as it involves the brain's readiness to perceive certain stimuli based on past experiences.
3. Differentiate 'top-down processing' from 'bottom-up processing': While top-down processing starts with the brain's expectations, bottom-up processing begins with sensory input, building up to perception without prior knowledge.
4. Consider the term 'precognition': This is unrelated to the perceptual processes described, as it refers to the ability to perceive or predict future events, which is not scientifically validated.
5. Identify the correct answer by matching the definition provided in the problem with the concept of 'top-down processing', which involves using preexisting knowledge to form a unified perception.