_____ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.

• A. Encoding specificity
• B. Retroactive recall
• C. Dynamic memory
• D. Kinetic memory

Answer: (A)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of 'encoding specificity', which refers to the principle that memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval.
2. Consider the context in which the memory was formed, such as the physical environment or emotional state, and how it can aid in recalling the information.
3. Evaluate the other options: 'Retroactive recall' typically involves remembering information that was learned later, which can interfere with earlier memories.
4. Consider 'Dynamic memory' and 'Kinetic memory', which are not standard terms in psychology related to memory retrieval in specific contexts.
5. Conclude that 'Encoding specificity' is the most appropriate term that describes the tendency for memory to be improved when the same physical surroundings are present during both encoding and retrieval.