Many modifications have been done to Milgram's original study over the years. Which of the following is a general finding of this research?

• A. People from some cultures do not conform at all.
• B. The more "official" and authoritative the experimenter appears, the less obedient people are.
• C. Decreasing perceived authority of the experimenter leads to lower rates of obedience.
• D. Participants were more motivated to obey authority when the confederate was in the room with them.

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Begin by understanding the context of Milgram's original study, which focused on obedience to authority figures. Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to a learner, testing how far they would go in obeying orders.
2. Consider the variations of Milgram's study. Researchers have altered factors such as the proximity of the authority figure, the setting of the experiment, and the presence of peers to observe changes in obedience levels.
3. Analyze the statement about cultural differences in conformity. While cultural factors can influence behavior, Milgram's findings suggest that obedience to authority is a common trait across cultures, though the degree may vary.
4. Evaluate the role of the experimenter's authority. In Milgram's variations, when the experimenter appeared less authoritative or the setting was less formal, participants were less likely to obey orders, supporting the finding that perceived authority affects obedience.
5. Reflect on the presence of the confederate. In some variations, having a confederate in the room who refused to continue decreased obedience, indicating that social support can influence the decision to disobey authority.