The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the _____ model.

• A. information-processing
• B. parallel distributed processing
• C. levels-of-processing
• D. iconic memory

Answer: (B)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of memory models in psychology, which are frameworks that describe how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in the human brain.
2. Familiarize yourself with the 'parallel distributed processing' (PDP) model, which suggests that memory formation occurs simultaneously across a network of interconnected nodes, similar to how neural networks function in the brain.
3. Contrast the PDP model with the 'information-processing' model, which views memory formation as a sequential process involving distinct stages such as encoding, storage, and retrieval.
4. Consider the 'levels-of-processing' model, which posits that memory retention depends on the depth of processing, with deeper, more meaningful processing leading to better memory retention.
5. Recognize that 'iconic memory' refers to a type of sensory memory that briefly holds visual information, and is not a model of memory formation but rather a component of the sensory memory system.