Namiko was in a study room during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Namiko was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of

• A. the misinformation effect.
• B. false-memory syndrome.
• C. the curve of forgetting.
• D. retrograde amnesia.

Answer: (A)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the key elements of the scenario: Namiko was shown a photo of a man with straight hair, but later believed the man had curly hair.
2. Understand the concept of the misinformation effect: This occurs when a person's memory of an event is altered by misleading information presented after the event.
3. Consider how the misinformation effect applies: Namiko's memory was influenced by the suggestion that the man had curly hair, leading to a false memory.
4. Differentiate from other concepts: False-memory syndrome involves larger, more complex false memories, while the curve of forgetting and retrograde amnesia relate to memory decay and loss, not alteration.
5. Conclude that the scenario is an example of the misinformation effect, as Namiko's memory was changed by misleading information.