Which situation is an example of Lev Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

True or False: if false, choose the answer that best corrects the statement.

Circadian rhythms describes the variation in body temperature.

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Which of the following statements are true about the sleep cycle.

I. The sleep cycle refers to the 24-hour cycle of sleeping and waking.

II. On average, people go through 4-6 cycles per night.

III. The sleep cycle has two general phases.

Select the answer choice that correctly defines the EEG feature.

Which of the following statements are true about sleep patterns?

I. Stages 3 & 4 gets longer as the night goes on.

II. Each sleep cycle typically last between 90-120 minutes.

III. REM cycles get longer as the night goes on.

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James is a graduate student working in a sleep lab. He is analyzing EEGs, focusing on the height of the waves. Based on this information, what specific aspect of the EEGs is James studying?

Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness?

On Yan's walk to campus one morning, she was thinking about what a nice day it was, how many people were already on campus, and how she had to stop by the bookstore on her way to class. Yan was experiencing

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of

616

Antwon cannot seem to focus in class today. Though he is not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness?

345

Marion takes 20 minutes daily to sit by herself and meditate. A fully meditative state is a form of

301

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of

323

Which of the following statements about the circadian rhythm is true?

978

As _____ accumulates in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy.

328

The higher the body temperature, the _____ people are.

386

According to research, which of the following individuals might need the least amount of sleep?

348

Natural cycles of activity that bodies must go through are called

340

The _____ is the internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep.

376

Which of the following parts of the body controls the sleep-wake cycle?

319

An example of a biological rhythm is

366

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our

When a person is slightly sleep deprived, _____ tasks will suffer less than _____ tasks.

The _____ theory of sleep says that sleep is a product of evolution.

Carmen stayed up all night studying, getting only about two hours of sleep total. While she was able to finish her exam, she was unable to focus, and much of what she had studied the night before seemed to be forgotten. Carmen's inability to remember and to stay focused during her exam is most likely due to

In studies in which volunteers spend several days without access to information about day or night, their sleep–wake cycles

Predators such as lions sleep _____ their prey, the gazelle.

In the early stages of sleep, _____ waves appear.

348

Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by _____ during N1 sleep.

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during _____ sleep.

Which of the following statements about REM sleep is true?

1059

Nearly _____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about _____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

358

Mateo is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. Mateo is experiencing

321

Night terrors are experienced

398

If the brain-wave pattern of a person playing a professional game of chess was recorded using an electroencephalogram (EEG), what type of brain waves would most likely be detected?

314

Janice is dreaming about walking her dog. However, in her dream, her dog is flying, the sidewalk is moving, and she has no awareness that this activity is odd. Janice is probably in _____ sleep.

332

Four-year-old Denise was sound asleep. Suddenly, without warning, she sat straight up and began to scream. Her mother tried to calm her down with no success. Finally, after about 45 seconds of what appeared to be a panic attack, Denise quietly lied back down. When morning came and Denise awoke, she could not remember anything that had happened during the night. It is likely that Denise experienced

360

Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. When she tried to get up to see what was going on, she found she could not move. She tried to scream but could not make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced

Delta waves are predominant in which stage of sleep?

578

Which of the statements about night terrors is correct?

438

A person has entered N3 sleep when delta waves account for _____ percent or more of brain wave activity.

313

A hypnic jerk is likely to occur during

332

The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in _____ sleep.

302

Pieter was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked, and he woke up because he felt like he was falling. Pieter was most likely in which stage of sleep?

302

Nightmares are more common in children than in adults because

531

Insomnia can be helped by

272

Which statement about sleep apnea is true?

370

Belen often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from

283

While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called

319

A person with sleep apnea

340

_____ has been used as a successful defense in some murder trials.

276

Sleep apnea has been shown to cause

431

A sudden loss of muscle tone is called

592

Melatonin supplements are often used to treat

339

Theodora suffers from an inability to get to sleep and to stay asleep. Which of the following would help Theodora with her insomnia?

288

Niles has begun to fall asleep suddenly during the day, sometimes in inappropriate places. Niles is most likely suffering from

371

Raul is a snorer who sometimes gasps for air while sleeping. Raul mostly likely suffers from

269

Clay told his therapist about a dream he had in which he was flying on an airplane, but he was unaware of his destination. Clay's therapist explained that the flying in his dream, in its latent context, represents freedom and independence from his parents and the unknown destination exemplifies a sense of fear and doubt from no longer having parents as guides. Clay's therapist appears to be using _____ to explain his dream.

345

According to the _____, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

318

Calvin Hall concluded that

896

In the _____ theory, dreams are less realistic because they come not from the outside world of reality but from within a person's memories and experiences.

333

Freud used dreams as a way to get at patients'

284

One theory of dreaming says that the brain _____, or puts together, an explanation of the cortex's activation from memories and other stored information.

290

If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the

341

The _____ of a dream is the actual dream itself.

292

If your psychoanalyst tells you that your emergence from a bathtub in your dream is symbolic of being born, she is talking about your dream's

280

Debbie's psychoanalyst tells her that the monster in her dream symbolizes her abusive father. He is discussing the dream's

283

About _____ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.

328

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

402

The _____ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation.

300

Calvin told his therapist that he wanted to stop smoking. During the next visit, Calvin's therapist directed Calvin to focus deeply on the sound of his voice. The therapist then told Calvin to relax and that he would soon begin to feel tired. As Calvin's eyes closed, he was told to do a number of other things to which he complied. By the end of the session, Calvin no longer craved cigarettes. What happened?

234

Aristide believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In fact, they are simply acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Aristide's way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories?

393

The key to hypnosis seems to be

458

Hypnosis is unable to do which of the following?

278

In Hilgard's theory, the _____ remains aware of what is going on during hypnosis.

390

The 'hidden observer'

309

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes that people who are hypnotized are

1175

_____ is characterized by delusions and paranoia.

347

Kareem uses cocaine recreationally. Kareem's drug of choice is a

343

Methamphetamine is an example of a

308

The minor tranquilizers are

283

Which of the following was actually used as an insecticide in the 1920s and 1930s?

282

Alcoholism has been linked to

Alcohol stimulates the release of _____, the brain's major depressant.

334

Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of

703

John has tried every type of depressant drug he could find. Which of the following is a drug he has not tried?

282

Which of the following kills the most people in the United States every year?

257

Barbiturates are known as

Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, duplicate the action of which of the following?

671

How many drinks would the average person have to consume to reach a blood alcohol level of approximately 0.15 percent?

415

_____ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations.

302

Ecstasy is classified as a

Smoking marijuana

Astor wanted to try marijuana to experience the effects of which of the following class of drugs?

264

Even in mild doses, marijuana negatively affects

245

_____ causes dehydration and a rise in body temperature.

277

Adolescents who regularly use marijuana

271

Why can taking LSD in order to experience its hallucinogenic qualities become a dangerous activity?

291

A psychologist observes a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds during recess at school in order to assess changes in playgroup preferences between these two ages. This researcher's study uses a _____ design.

Dr. Ramirez conducted a study that compared a group of 20-year-olds and a group of 40-year-olds. Each group was revisited five years later, and again five years after that. This is a _____ design.

353

A research design in a group of similar participants is followed and studied over a long period of time is called a _____ design.

342

Dr. Sardonicus is studying the effects of aging on memory. She gives an initial test of memory to a group of 20-year-olds and a group of 40-year-olds. Then she follows both groups of participants for a period of five years, regularly giving them memory tests during that time. Which research design is Dr. Sardonicus using?

329

When Helle was born, her parents agreed to allow her to participate in a research project that investigates the development of motor skills in children. Every year, Helle's parents complete a survey answering questions about how Helle's motor skills have changed. The researchers are using only one group of parents and children for the study. Helle and her parents are participating in a study that uses a _____ design.

323

One disadvantage of a longitudinal research design is

325

In Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, the trust-versus-mistrust developmental crisis occurs among

738

Early in life, infants will demonstrate their personalities through their

322

With respect to a babies' needs, caregivers of _____ babies are unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting.

327

Lev Vygotsky's _____ refers to the difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher.

327

Lev Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interactions in cognitive development, whereas _____ stressed the importance of the child's interactions with objects.

705

The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals are called

Which theorist originally proposed 18 core instincts for humans?

290

Which instinct is responsible for our reaction to run away if we sense danger?

One of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on

_____ proposed a total of 18 instincts that drive human behavior.

Which circumstances are a physiological factor in causing hunger?

Which structure or organ is thought to be responsible for stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up?

272

The particular level of body weight that the body tries to maintain is known as the

286

As the basal metabolic rate (BMR) _____ with age, the weight set point _____.

579

Even if Lily eats a late breakfast, she still feels hungry at noon. This is an example of

304

Reiko feels hungry often and tends to overeat as a result. Reiko's physician explained to her that her blood sugar level is currently very high, and this has been known to cause an increase in a particular hormone, which can result in increased appetite and the tendency to overeat. The hormone that appears to be causing Reiko to overeat is called

272

A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because

264

The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as

908

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?

One role of the lateral hypothalamus is to

Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the _____ to control the levels of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in the whole body.

One role of the ventromedial hypothalamus may be to

As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?

Charles Darwin theorized that emotions were a product of _____ and, therefore, universal in nature.

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, a physiological response to a stimulus is caused by the arousal of the

While walking down the street, Preeti sees a large, snarling dog on the sidewalk. She immediately appraises the situation as dangerous, experiences fear, and becomes aroused. Preeti's response to the dog is best explained by

The proposal that we experience emotion first with physical arousal (e.g., increased heart rate, shaky hands), which then leads to awareness of the emotion, is the basis of the

264

The theory of emotion that proposes physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of a stimulus happen simultaneously is known as the

819

The theory that feeling an emotion comes first as a physical reaction that leads to a behavioral response is known as the

Which conclusion describes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feedback from the sympathetic organs to the cortex initially seemed to support which emotional theory?

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's _____ proposed that physical arousal and a labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment result in the experience of an emotion.

In the classic Schachter-Singer angry person/happy person experiment, participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry. The other group was paired with a confederate pretending to be happy. What was the main objective of this experiment?

In Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's classic study of emotion, volunteers were injected with epinephrine, a drug that

One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that it

251