Köhler determined that insight

• A. is not present in animals.
• B. is instinctual.
• C. can be taught through classical conditioning.
• D. cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone.

Answer: (D)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the concept of insight as defined by Köhler. Insight refers to the sudden realization or understanding of a problem's solution, often occurring without a gradual process of trial-and-error.
2. Recognize that Köhler's research, particularly with chimpanzees, demonstrated that animals could solve problems through insight rather than just trial-and-error learning. This suggests a cognitive process beyond simple conditioning.
3. Consider the implications of insight in problem-solving, which involves restructuring or reorganizing information in a way that leads to a solution, rather than relying solely on repeated attempts.
4. Reflect on the difference between insight and other learning processes, such as classical conditioning, which involves learning through association rather than cognitive restructuring.
5. Conclude that Köhler's findings indicate that insight cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone, as it requires a cognitive leap or understanding that goes beyond repetitive attempts.