5. Consciousness and Sleep

Sleep

5. Consciousness and Sleep

Sleep

Multiple Choice

Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. When she tried to get up to see what was going on, she found she could not move. She tried to scream but could not make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced

a drug-induced hallucination.

side effects from increased amounts of REM sleep.

a nightmare during deep sleep.

sleep paralysis during REM sleep.

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III. REM cycles get longer as the night goes on.

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Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness?

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Which of the following statements about REM sleep is true?

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Nearly _____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about _____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

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Night terrors are experienced

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Delta waves are predominant in which stage of sleep?

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Which of the statements about night terrors is correct?

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A person has entered N3 sleep when delta waves account for _____ percent or more of brain wave activity.

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A hypnic jerk is likely to occur during

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The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in _____ sleep.

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Pieter was lying on the couch and had fallen asleep when all of a sudden his body jerked, and he woke up because he felt like he was falling. Pieter was most likely in which stage of sleep?

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Insomnia can be helped by

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Which statement about sleep apnea is true?

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Belen often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from

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A person with sleep apnea

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_____ has been used as a successful defense in some murder trials.

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Sleep apnea has been shown to cause

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Raul is a snorer who sometimes gasps for air while sleeping. Raul mostly likely suffers from

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Multiple Choice

Clay told his therapist about a dream he had in which he was flying on an airplane, but he was unaware of his destination. Clay's therapist explained that the flying in his dream, in its latent context, represents freedom and independence from his parents and the unknown destination exemplifies a sense of fear and doubt from no longer having parents as guides. Clay's therapist appears to be using _____ to explain his dream.

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Multiple Choice

According to the _____, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

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Multiple Choice

Calvin Hall concluded that

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Freud used dreams as a way to get at patients'

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One theory of dreaming says that the brain _____, or puts together, an explanation of the cortex's activation from memories and other stored information.

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If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the

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The _____ of a dream is the actual dream itself.

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Debbie's psychoanalyst tells her that the monster in her dream symbolizes her abusive father. He is discussing the dream's

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About _____ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.

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Multiple Choice

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

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Multiple Choice

The _____ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation.

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The 'hidden observer'

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Kareem uses cocaine recreationally. Kareem's drug of choice is a

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Methamphetamine is an example of a

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The minor tranquilizers are

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Which of the following was actually used as an insecticide in the 1920s and 1930s?

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Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of

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Multiple Choice

John has tried every type of depressant drug he could find. Which of the following is a drug he has not tried?

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Which of the following kills the most people in the United States every year?

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Multiple Choice

Barbiturates are known as

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Multiple Choice

Opium and its derivatives, morphine and heroin, duplicate the action of which of the following?

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Multiple Choice

How many drinks would the average person have to consume to reach a blood alcohol level of approximately 0.15 percent?

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Multiple Choice

_____ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations.

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Multiple Choice

Ecstasy is classified as a

Smoking marijuana

Astor wanted to try marijuana to experience the effects of which of the following class of drugs?

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Multiple Choice

Even in mild doses, marijuana negatively affects

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Multiple Choice

_____ causes dehydration and a rise in body temperature.

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Multiple Choice

Adolescents who regularly use marijuana

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Multiple Choice

Why can taking LSD in order to experience its hallucinogenic qualities become a dangerous activity?

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Multiple Choice

A psychologist observes a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds during recess at school in order to assess changes in playgroup preferences between these two ages. This researcher's study uses a _____ design.

Dr. Ramirez conducted a study that compared a group of 20-year-olds and a group of 40-year-olds. Each group was revisited five years later, and again five years after that. This is a _____ design.

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Multiple Choice

A research design in a group of similar participants is followed and studied over a long period of time is called a _____ design.

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Dr. Sardonicus is studying the effects of aging on memory. She gives an initial test of memory to a group of 20-year-olds and a group of 40-year-olds. Then she follows both groups of participants for a period of five years, regularly giving them memory tests during that time. Which research design is Dr. Sardonicus using?

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Multiple Choice

When Helle was born, her parents agreed to allow her to participate in a research project that investigates the development of motor skills in children. Every year, Helle's parents complete a survey answering questions about how Helle's motor skills have changed. The researchers are using only one group of parents and children for the study. Helle and her parents are participating in a study that uses a _____ design.

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Multiple Choice

One disadvantage of a longitudinal research design is

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Multiple Choice

Which situation is an example of Lev Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?

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In Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, the trust-versus-mistrust developmental crisis occurs among

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Early in life, infants will demonstrate their personalities through their

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With respect to a babies' needs, caregivers of _____ babies are unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting.

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Lev Vygotsky's _____ refers to the difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher.

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Lev Vygotsky emphasized the importance of social interactions in cognitive development, whereas _____ stressed the importance of the child's interactions with objects.

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The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals are called

Which theorist originally proposed 18 core instincts for humans?

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Which instinct is responsible for our reaction to run away if we sense danger?

One of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on

_____ proposed a total of 18 instincts that drive human behavior.

Which circumstances are a physiological factor in causing hunger?

Which structure or organ is thought to be responsible for stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up?

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The particular level of body weight that the body tries to maintain is known as the

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As the basal metabolic rate (BMR) _____ with age, the weight set point _____.

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Even if Lily eats a late breakfast, she still feels hungry at noon. This is an example of

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Reiko feels hungry often and tends to overeat as a result. Reiko's physician explained to her that her blood sugar level is currently very high, and this has been known to cause an increase in a particular hormone, which can result in increased appetite and the tendency to overeat. The hormone that appears to be causing Reiko to overeat is called

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A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because

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The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as

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Multiple Choice

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?

One role of the lateral hypothalamus is to

Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the _____ to control the levels of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in the whole body.

One role of the ventromedial hypothalamus may be to

As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?

Charles Darwin theorized that emotions were a product of _____ and, therefore, universal in nature.

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, a physiological response to a stimulus is caused by the arousal of the

While walking down the street, Preeti sees a large, snarling dog on the sidewalk. She immediately appraises the situation as dangerous, experiences fear, and becomes aroused. Preeti's response to the dog is best explained by

The proposal that we experience emotion first with physical arousal (e.g., increased heart rate, shaky hands), which then leads to awareness of the emotion, is the basis of the

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Multiple Choice

The theory of emotion that proposes physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of a stimulus happen simultaneously is known as the

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Multiple Choice

The theory that feeling an emotion comes first as a physical reaction that leads to a behavioral response is known as the

Which conclusion describes the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feedback from the sympathetic organs to the cortex initially seemed to support which emotional theory?

Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's _____ proposed that physical arousal and a labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment result in the experience of an emotion.

In the classic Schachter-Singer angry person/happy person experiment, participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry. The other group was paired with a confederate pretending to be happy. What was the main objective of this experiment?

In Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's classic study of emotion, volunteers were injected with epinephrine, a drug that

One way in which the social cognitive view differs from psychoanalytic theory is that it

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