_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus when paired closely together in time.

• A. Watson
• B. Rescorla
• C. Pavlov
• D. Skinner

Answer: (C)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the key concept in the problem: classical conditioning.
2. Understand that classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.
3. Recognize that Ivan Pavlov is the psychologist who is most famously associated with classical conditioning, particularly through his experiments with dogs.
4. Recall that Pavlov's theory suggested that the conditioned stimulus (e.g., a bell) becomes a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) when they are paired closely in time.
5. Conclude that Pavlov believed classical conditioning occurred because of this substitution process, which is why he is the correct answer to the problem.