My course

How do you know the light rays are passing from the water to the glass and not the other way around? Should the light rays not be passing from the object toward the image’s side ? Does any reflection take place in this instance?

Why does the direction of the loop not matter in this problem?

I'm a little confused. In the text book, chapter 16 p. 561, it demonstrates that antinodes are at the closed end of the pipe, not the open end.