22. The First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

22. The First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law of Thermodynamics

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The First Law of Thermodynamics

Alternate Equation of the First Law of Thermodynamics

Calculating Work Done on Monoatomic Gas

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First Law of Thermodynamics

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Multiple Choice

A gas in a cylinder held at a constant pressure 1.80×10⁵ Pa expands from a volume of 1.2 m³ to 1.6 m³. The internal energy of the gas decreases from 4.40×10⁵ J to 3×10⁵ J. How much heat was transferred to the gas?

The internal energy of a system decreases by 500 J, and 230 J of work is done on the system. What is the heat transfer into or out of this system?

Boiling Water at High Pressure. When water is boiled at a pressure of 2.00 atm, the heat of vaporization is 2.20 * 10^6 J/kg and the boiling point is 120°C. At this pressure, 1.00 kg of water has a volume of 1.00 * 10^-3 m^3 , and 1.00 kg of steam has a volume of 0.824 m^3. (b) Compute the increase in internal energy of the water.

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Textbook Question

A gas in a cylinder is held at a constant pressure of 1.80 * 10^5 Pa and is cooled and compressed from 1.70 m^3 to 1.20 m^3. The internal energy of the gas decreases by 1.40 * 10^5 J. (c) Does it matter whether the gas is ideal? Why or why not?

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Textbook Question

Five moles of an ideal monatomic gas with an initial temperature of 127°C expand and, in the process, absorb 1500 J of heat and do 2100 J of work. What is the final temperature of the gas?

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Textbook Question

Boiling Water at High Pressure. When water is boiled at a pressure of 2.00 atm, the heat of vaporization is 2.20 * 10^6 J/kg and the boiling point is 120°C. At this pressure, 1.00 kg of water has a volume of 1.00 * 10^-3 m^3 , and 1.00 kg of steam has a volume of 0.824 m^3. (a) Compute the work done when 1.00 kg of steam is formed at this temperature.

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Textbook Question

A gas in a cylinder expands from a volume of 0.110 m^3 to 0.320 m^3 . Heat flows into the gas just rapidly enough to keep the pressure constant at 1.65 * 10^5 Pa during the expansion. The total heat added is 1.15 * 10^5 J. (a) Find the work done by the gas.

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Textbook Question

Six moles of an ideal gas are in a cylinder fitted at one end with a movable piston. The initial temperature of the gas is 27.0°C and the pressure is constant. As part of a machine design project, calculate the final temperature of the gas after it has done 2.40 * 10^3 J of work.

(II) How many joules and kilocalories are generated when the brakes are used to bring a 1200-kg car to rest from a speed of 95 km/h?

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Textbook Question

(II) A 64-kg ice skater moving at 8.5 m/s glides to a stop. Assuming the ice is at 0°C and that 50% of the heat generated by friction is absorbed by the ice, how much ice melts?

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Textbook Question

A scuba diver releases a 3.60-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and that the air behaves as an ideal gas. (a) How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface? Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m³.

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Textbook Question

A scuba diver releases a 3.60-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and that the air behaves as an ideal gas. (b) Sketch a PV diagram for the process. Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m³.

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Textbook Question

A scuba diver releases a 3.60-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and that the air behaves as an ideal gas. (c) Apply the first law of thermodynamics to the bubble, and find the work done by the air in rising to the surface, the change in its internal energy, and the heat added or removed from the air in the bubble as it rises. Take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m³.

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Textbook Question

(I) An ideal gas expands isothermally, performing 4.30 x 10 ³ J of work in the process. Calculate

(b) the heat absorbed during this expansion.

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Textbook Question

Two cylinders each contain 0.10 mol of a diatomic gas at 300 K and a pressure of 3.0 atm. Cylinder A expands isothermally and cylinder B expands adiabatically until the pressure of each is 1.0 atm.

a. What are the final temperature and volume of each?

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Textbook Question

500 J of heat energy are transferred to a gas during a process in which the gas expands at constant pressure from 400 cm^3 to 800 cm^3 . The gas's thermal energy increases by 300 J during this process. What is the gas pressure?

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Textbook Question

(II) How much work is done by a pump to slowly compress, isothermally, 3.20 L of nitrogen at 0°C and 1.00 atm to 1.80 L at 0°C?

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Textbook Question

A heat engine takes a diatomic gas around the cycle shown in Fig. 20–23.

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