Hey guys. Let's do an example. 3 moles of an ideal diatomic gas which is treated with rigid molecular bonds undergoes a fallen auto cycle. How much heat's input? How much heat is output? What's the work done by the engine? Okay. And finally, what's the efficiency of this engine? Now, what's very important is do not estimate the work by finding the area enclosed by this cycle. We saw a problem before where you can estimate the area of the cycle by approximating 2 triangles. It turns out this is not a very accurate way to estimate the work done, and when you're trying to calculate the efficiency, you need a very precise calculation of the work done. Okay. So we're going to have to do this a different way. So let's break this up into 4 steps. I'm going to call step 1 this step, which is the compression stroke. Step 2 this step, which is ignition, step 3, which is that first part of the expansion stroke, and step 4, which is like the second part of the expansion stroke. We can ignore all contributions due to these steps because they don't do any work since it's cyclic. Right? Since it starts and ends at the same position, there's no change in internal energy which means by the first law of thermodynamics, there's no heat exchange either. So nothing is going on in those 2 steps. They completely balance each other out. Okay. So let's look at step 1. Step 1 is adiabatic. Remember that's very important to keep in mind for the auto cycle which steps are adiabatic, which steps are isochoric, which steps are isothermal, which steps are isobaric. The law of thermodynamics says delta u is q we know that the first law of thermodynamics says Δu=q+w and since q for step 1 is 0, we can say that Δu for step 1 is just the work done in step 1. So if we can find the amount of work done sorry, if we can find the change in internal energy for step 1, we can find the work done in step 1. I don't actually want to encircle those. Let me highlight them. I want to circle the final answers. Okay. So let's find the change in internal energy for the ideal gas during step 1. Remember that the internal energy for any ideal gas is just f2nRT. We were told that this was an ideal diatomic gas. Diatomic gases either have degrees of freedom of 5 or degrees of freedom of 7. Because we're treating the molecular bonds as rigid, it's 5. Okay? This means that the change in internal energy for step 1 is only going to be due to the change in temperature because the number of moles isn't changing. Gas doesn't enter or leave the cylinder except for in the intake and the exhaust steps which we're ignoring, right? Those are these steps which we're ignoring. So during the cycle, gas doesn't enter or leave the cylinder. So the only thing that's changing is the temperature. So the question is what's the change in temperature for step 1? Well, if we want to relate pressure and volume like on a p v diagram to temperature, we need to use the ideal gas law. During step 1, both the pressure and the volume are changing, and that's responsible for producing the change in temperature. So the entirety of the left side is changing and that leads to a change in the temperature. So we can say that the change in temperature is just the change of p times v during step 1 divided by nr. So how does p times v change in step 1? Okay. So Δt1= well what's the final pressure times the volume? The final pressure is 25, right, times 10 to the 5. Don't forget this times 10 to the 5. The final volume is 0.0005, right, during step 1, minus the initial pressure which was 1 times 10 to the 5, and the initial volume which was 0.000 5, only 3 zeros, divided by the number of moles which is 3, and the ideal gas constant which is 8.314. Plugging this into your calculator this works out to be 3 kelvin. Okay? So now that I know what the change in temperature is during step 1 I can plug that in to this equation which tells me how the internal energy changes in step 1 for a given temperature change. The number of moles is still 3. Right? The ideal gas constant still 8.314 and the temperature change is 3 kelvin. Plugging this into your calculator we get 187 joules as the change in internal energy for the first step. But we don't care about how the internal energy changes. All we care about is the amount of heat input, the amount of heat output, the work done, and the efficiency. Okay? So this tells us remember guys that first law tells us that the work done during step 1 is the same as the change in internal energy for step 1. So this is 187 joules. Okay, and we're going to hold on to that for later. Now let's look at step 2. Okay. This is step 2. This is an isochoric process, right? Isochoric processes mean that the change in volume for that step is 0. That also means that the work for that step is also 0. Okay? If the change in volume is 0, the work done is 0. Now looking at the first law of thermodynamics, if the work done is 0 then the change in internal energy for that step is just the heat transferred for that step. That's what the ideal, sorry, that's what the first law of thermodynamics tells us about this isochoric process. And finally, don't forget that any change in internal energy for this cycle, since gas isn't coming in or leaving during the cycle, it's always going to be 5 halves nr times delta t. This is because the only thing that leads to an internal energy change is a temperature change. In order to find how the temperature changes with the pressure and the volume that we have on the p v diagram, we have to look at the ideal gas law. Now for an isochoric process, right, the volume does not change. Only the pressure changes for an isochoric process, right? We're sitting here at this constant volume. So we can say that the left side only changes with pressure. There's only a change in pressure here. The volume is a constant. Δt2= v2 Δp_2∗ v_2∗Δp2+/r right? This volume that this isochoric process occurs at is just this. Right? That minimum volume for the gas. And the change in pressure is from 25 to 170. That's the increase in pressure that we're undergoing in this process. And this is divided by the number of moles which is 3 times 8.314. Let me minimize myself here, which if you plug into your calculator is equivalent to 29.1 kelvin. Okay, so now we know how the temperature changes in step 2. That leads us directly to how the internal energy changes in step 2. The number of moles is 3. Diatomic gas constant is 8.314. The change in temperature is 29.1, right, we just found that out. So plugging this into a calculator tells us the amount of in, sorry, the amount of the change of internal energy for the second step is 1815 joules. But we don't care about that, all we care about is how much heat is transferred. And don't forget our first law requirement for this step tells us that the heat transfer in this step is equivalent to the change in internal energy which is 81815 joules. Okay? So for step 1 and for step 2, we know how much sheets transferred and how much work is transferred. All we have to do is match this for steps 2 and steps 3 sorry, for steps 3 and steps 4. But remember step 3 is another adiabatic step. We already know all the requirements and all the equations for the adiabatic process because we just used them in step 1. We know that this means that for step 3 the heat transfer is 0. Okay. And we know that this means for step 3 that the change in temperature can be given as the change in the pressure times the volume for step 3 over nr. This is the same equation that we got from the ideal gas law in step 1 which is another adiabatic process. All we have to do now is plug this in. Okay. The final pressure after step 3 is 7 times 10 to the 5. The final volume after step 3 is 0.0005. The initial pressure of step 3 is 170 times 10 to the 5 pascals and the initial volume is our very small volume 0.00005. The number of_mo}}">
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