Amino Acid Chart - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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Nonpolar Amino Acids
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So the first thing I wanted to mention is just how this worksheet which I call the clutch prep amino acid breakdown. How is it arranged? Well, all of the amino acid backbones have already been drawn for you. So all we're gonna be doing here is we're gonna be drawing filling in the side chains. So that means anything that's attached to the R group that's attached over here. Also I have included more information than you need for this video because this is information that we're going to use later. So for example, these P. K. Values that you see here. Don't worry about those yet. We're not gonna talk about P. K. S. Yet. These little pizza slices. Don't worry about those yet. We're gonna you're gonna understand what that means in due time. Um And also they're gonna be like little boxes. Don't worry about them either. Like over here we're not gonna fill that in yet. These are for following videos where we talk more in depth about amino acids. But the idea is that you can put all of your notes about amino acids onto the sheet. Every every amino acid has a note section. So you can write in little tips and tricks. And the idea is that you keep the sheet for a long time. Maybe even after you take this class, maybe even after you graduate undergraduate, like you could even use this in med school pharmacy school, what have you keep everything in one place. And then you'll always have a great way to memorize your amino acids if you ever need to know them later. So let's go ahead and get started with the first set of amino acids which are gonna be the non polar side chains. Remember these are the ones that are hydrophobic, They don't like to be around water, they're gonna want to curl up and bulk inside of the protein. So let's start with the simplest amino acid possible hint. It's also the only a Cairo amino acid. Notice that all these other nitrogen or amine groups are on wedges correct? But the first one is on a stick why? It's because glycerine is the only amino acid that has a hydrogen as its side chain to add to the original hydrogen that was already there that every amino acid has. So this is the only amino acid that is a Cairo. Okay, and that's what we draw it. Just planer. Okay. Um in terms of how you can remember this, this is actually the only one I'm not going to give you a big memory tip for because it's just so easy. Just I'm gonna ask you to do is remember that glycerine is where it all starts. It's the simplest one. Um And it's three letter abbreviation is girl I it's one letter symbol is G it's just just just memorize that one and for the other ones will be building on top of that information. Okay, cool, let's go on to the next one. The next one is alan nine. So allen ein is the simplest hydrocarbon. Okay, so hydrogen isn't technically a hydrocarbon because it doesn't have the carbon part Allen in is going to be a methyl group Ch three for the side chain. The way I like to memorize that, is that the symbol for Allen is a, The abbreviation is Allah and I just think of it being the easiest hydrocarbon. So it's a, it's kind of like a is the beginning of the alphabet. And Allen is the beginning of the hydrocarbons where it's just a methyl group and nothing more. Okay, so we've got glycerine, we've got a line. Now let's go on to Valine. So Valine is now we have to start thinking about these hydrocarbon side chains and figure out ways to memorize what they look like. So for Valine, this side chain thankfully is also very easy because valuing the symbol for it is V. And the side chain looks like a V. All we have to do is draw a V coming off of that position and you have your valley. Okay, so now we have glycerine alone in valley. Let's move on to lucy. So just a second scroll down. Okay, so now we want to draw loosen. How do you draw loosen? Well, this is another hydrocarbon and it's actually also going to have a V. So by the way, what you're gonna notice at the end is that I want you to memorize these amino acids in this specific order because if you memorize them in this order, we can build a story behind them and then they can make more sense. So part of the story is that loosen looks a lot like Valine. It's still got that V we're just going to add an extra CH two. Okay, so what that means is I'm going to add an extra CH two here and then I'm going to draw that V now the V it's kind of upside down now, but there you go, that's your loosen. So if you draw loosen right after valley, where you can think of, is that Oh, lucy is just, it's a little bit more complicated Valley, it's going to be a valley in with that extra CH two right here. Okay, awesome. Remember that loosen? Like all these abbreviations, I'm not going to spend a lot of time on because they're easy, loosen is l all of them are straightforward. Great. So let's go into solution. So the solution is also going to be a variant of valley. So it's also gonna have that V except that now we're gonna go back to the way things were for valley, we're gonna draw that V first and then we're just going to add an extra carbon. Okay, so technically, if you remember from like organic chemistry, one solution is an ice summer of losing, but the way you can really think about it is that it looks a lot like valuing, it's got that initial V. You just put the extra methyl group all the way at the end. So see how if you memorize them in this order. Valine losing and losing, you can start to build a story of like, okay, the V starts off only a V. Then it's at a stage two plus a V. Then it's added the V plus a CH three. Got it. Okay, cool. So now let's go into pro lean. Now, Pro Line starts to get a little bit weird because praline is the only amino acid that connects back to itself. Okay, it's the only one you can tell. I kind of give you a hint because I'm just gonna scroll down to right here. Um I give you a hint because notice that it's the only nitrogen that's missing a hydrogen. All the other nitrogen have NH two. And this one I only put NH why is that? Well, because Pro line, it turns out has a five member ring inside of it that connects back to the nitrogen. So, we would do is we would draw a five member ring 12345, connect back to the nitrogen. And you're done. That's pro lean. So, the way I like to think about pro life is pro lean pentagon. Okay, and if you think about Caroline pentagon, that's always gonna be a good hint for you that now you need to draw a five member ring in that amino acid. Okay. Also just keep in mind that these abbreviations and symbols are still straightforward Parolin is pete nothing really to talk about their there's nothing special to remember. Great. So let's move on. So we're doing great guys, I think we're like how many are we down? Five already? Five out of 20. So what's next? Mathias? Soma thiamine is also non polar non polar category. However, it's going to be the first one that has a hetero atom. What that means? It's it's gonna have an atom in the side chain. That's not carbon. In fact this is going to have a sulfur in it. Okay, so how can we remember that? Well, first of all let's start with the structure. How would you draw the structure? Well the way I like to think about it is that the structure is in the name Meth I anin starts with an M. In fact the symbol is an M. So what I always do is I draw an M. To begin with, let's draw our M. 1234 like that. So see how I just drew an M. Awesome. Now we need to add a sulfur somewhere. Now you're gonna have to kind of remember this but there aren't that many with sulfur. So you can it's not that hard to remember. So the sulfur actually goes in the second to last carbon. We would add a sulfur right here and then we would just draw the rest of the M. So see how it still looks like an M. It just has that sulfur there. Now how could you remember that? The sulfur goes there and not somewhere else? Well you could memorize it but I also have another trick Matthiasson in says meth at the beginning. So you just make sure that there's one methyl group at the end. Right? So when you think about matthias, it's an M. That has a sulfur that allows to further to be one methyl group all the way at the end. And if you remember that, you've got your Matthias name down, awesome. So now we're gonna get to some weirder ones. Tryptophan is one of the most difficult ones to draw. And it is also um non polar. So we're gonna take this one nice and slow. Okay, so the first thing you wanna draw for tryptophan is that you're gonna wanna draw one more stick coming off of it so that we can draw this big bicycling ring structure. It's it's it's it's a big aromatic ring. Okay, so I'm gonna draw, just draw a stick coming on down here And now the key to drawing this correctly actually has to do with memorizing the letter for it. This is notice that this is the first time that the letter does not match up with the name. Now you might be saying, well johnny why is tripped a fan with a W. Well because T. Was already taken by another amino acid called 309 which we're going to learn later. So they had to pick another letter. So they picked W. So how are you gonna remember? Tryptophan? And w well I like to think about it. Like Elmer Fudd. Elmer fudd was saying Trip to Fan, he'd probably not pronounce it perfectly, how would he pronounce it? He'd probably say tiptoe fan, right? He was on chasing bugs bunny and and he was talking about amino acids, he'd probably say twitter fan and that's actually the letter for a trip to fan. So now we remember that trip to fan is a W. Okay now if you can remember that tryptophan is a w. You've got the structure because it turns out that all you have to do is draw a W sticking down from this line that I just drew. So I'm gonna draw a W. Like this 123 Like that. See how I just drew a W. Cool. So now I've got that w now I just have to close it off. Okay so the way that we're gonna close that off is that one of these gets a nitrogen? One of these gets doesn't get a nitrogen one of these is a five member ring and one of these is a six member ring. So the nitrogen let's let's go ahead and add the nitrogen first, the nitrogen is gonna go right here at the bottom of the W. And it's gonna that's gonna be the five member ring. So I just can close that one off immediately. The one that doesn't get the nitrogen is the six member ring. And I can just close that one off like this, see how we start with the W. But it gave us the rest of the structure. Okay now what do we do? Well we need to make sure that this is a benzene, let's draw our double bonds and then we need to make sure that we put our double bond in a place that does not overlap with the nitrogen. So that means that my double bond must be here because I want this nitrogen to have an H. On it. Okay and we're done. That is the structure of tryptophan. So I know that that is really complicated compared to the ones that we were just learning. But hopefully now you have a memory tool for it and in fact if you want you can highlight in a different color that w. So you can remember. So once again the W. Looks like this. Oops that's not what the W looks like. Okay now of course some little parts of this, you're gonna have to memorize like where the nitrogen goes. I don't have a clever way to remember that but you can remember the nitrogen on the closest side. It's at the bottom of the W. So like these are like little things that you can be thinking. So you know, you can say like N. Is at bottom of W. So that you're not tempted to put it here right if you put it there, that's wrong. Um And then you can remember like N. Is going to be on the five On the five member ring. And if you find other types of memory tricks online that help you or through classmates write them in here, I'm just giving you some starters that you can use. That hopefully are going to get you more than half of the way there. Amazing. So what about fennel allen in? Which is going to be our last non polar and then we'll take a little break. So for fennel align, this is simply just align with a fennel group on it. Do you guys remember what a fennel group is? A fennel group from organic chemistry is just a benzene ring attached to something else attached to some kind of our group? Okay, so fennel alunan means that you look back up at your alunan just let's say you didn't remember. I know you do but remember allen is a CH three. Right, So that means you take your you just put a Benzene ring on it. That's it. So that's really easy. So let's go ahead and drop that down here. Let's draw the same, let's draw our methyl group here. Now I'm not going to draw the CH three, I'm gonna draw two CH two because I need to draw a Benzene ring. Cool. And that is your fennel allen. And once again this is like the last non polar hydrophobic amino acid. How are you going to remember the name? So the abbreviation is P. H. E. Those are the first three letters of fennel allen is so great. Now the symbol is weird. It's it's an F. So how would you remember that? Well remember that P. Is taken by pro line. Right? So one way is just to remember them in this order and if you remember them in this order then you're gonna say well pro line already has P. So what's the other letter? That would make sense for fennel? Alan e what would have to be an F. Right? So um so I hope that makes sense. Now I do want to just give you guys a quick memory tool so that you can memorize all of these in the right order because again not everyone's gonna memorize them in this order but I think it's helpful to build a story. So we built a story out of it kind of and the way that I like to remember it is these little acronyms down here for the al emphatic which means the non aromatic non pollers Gavle ip. Okay so Gavle it is glycerine allen in Valine loosen loosen praline in the order that we drew and don't mix it up with like gal VIP or something like that. So the way you can remember that, it's gavle, it is like it's like a lip. Okay, so then you're like, okay, Gavle ip, okay then for your other three weird hydrophobic ones which are matthias nine trip to fan and fennel alone. I mean just think about monday Wednesday friday, right? Like this is like all you have to learn about your immuno assets all week long from monday Wednesday to friday. So that would be monday Wednesday friday. That would be methane in tryptophan and phenylalanine. And if you can remember Gavle ip plus monday Wednesday friday. You've got your nine non polar amino acids already in the right order. So I hope that was helpful. Let's move onto the next video
There are 6 amino acids in the polar side-chain category. Let's learn them!
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Polar Amino Acids
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great job so far, we're almost halfway done with our amino acids. Now. In this next video we're gonna learn the following six amino acids that are in the polar side chain category heads up these side chains are about to get a lot more complicated. So we're gonna need a more elaborate story to remember all of them, including the order that we're memorizing them and what the structures look like. Okay, so to begin with we have we're gonna start with the tale of two sisters. We have two sisters named Sistine and searing okay and you know, I think they're they're identical twins or they're very they're very similar. I think they're fraternal twins but they've kind of taken different paths in life which is fine, like I'm not judging at all. But just saying that they don't really like to hang out very much, they do very different things. Let me let me get to the point. So Sistine spends a lot of time at the Sistine Chapel which is church, right? So when she's praying in church she's telling everyone to calm down. She's saying like we're trying to pray here. So she has an S. H. Coming right off of that first carbon group. So that's that's Sistine. So that's the way she's you know decides to spend her friday night and good for her right. Syrian on the other hand, likes to party. So Syrian is the sister of Sistine. But instead of having instead of saying we're in church, we're trying to pray, she's actually just drinking alcohol. So she's gonna look exactly the same, but she's gonna be partying it up drinking the bub and as you can tell you can see why they don't hang out a lot. Right? So these are the two sisters, I'm happy for them. They found their own happiness. But you know, they just, they're very different types of people even though they look the same. Okay, now it turns out that serene has kind of a rowdy group of girls that she hangs out with and you know, you tend to find friends that like to do what you do and she has these two other friends that also like to party just as hard as she does. Um, these girls are like a wolf pack and they go out militantly every, every night. So these girls are three mean and tire seen the way you can think of them is that alcohol is a serious threat and it makes you thirsty. So what am I talking about here? Well alcohol, these are three functional groups with alcohol in them, serious stands for Syrian threats would be three, I mean and thirsty would be tiresome because that's why as the letter, So we're gonna talk more about what these look like in a second and what we mean by that. But let's go ahead and start with the structure of threats. So three inning. So alcohol is a serious threat. Um, so three, I mean actually looks a lot like valley. So the way I could think about this is that remember Valine was the third val was the third girl in the hydrophobic, right? Non pollers. Well three, I mean threats is the third girl in the polar side chains. So she looks a lot like val except one big difference. She likes alcohol. Duh. She's hanging out with Syrian. So we're going to draw the same exact V as we would for val, but we're just going to add N. O. H. Okay. And you could have added it to the top or to the bottom. I'm just gonna add it to the bottom so that she looks more like searing. So it's like a combination of searing and valley. Cool, awesome. Best of both worlds. And what about the other homie? There other homie is tire scene now tire scene a little complicated because three inning already took the T. So we had to think of another letter for tire scene and that letter is going to be why? Because the second letter in in T. And that's what I like to think of as being thirsty, right? So I'm really old. So when I drink alcohol, I actually legitimately get thirsty, like I have to drink a lot of water before I go to bed or then I'm gonna wake up with a headache. But you could also think of thirsty in another way if you wanted to. So these girls, they're having fun. I'm not judging. So so tire scene is getting thirsty with all this alcohol and also she kind of looks like a tire. Okay, so you can just imagine this is quite the party. So tire scene actually looks just like fennel alunan because phenylalanine looks like a tire, right? So let's draw out what phenylalanine looks like. It would just be that tire shape coming right off of the carbon, right? So it looks like the tire. But what's the only difference between tire scene and federal align? She likes to party. So, she wants that alcohol. So, we're going to add in that alcohol. Alright, and there you have it. We have the tale of two sisters and her wolf pack. All right. So, let's say they party all night long. We're not done. We have two more to go. But they all, this is all the same story. So they go out, they party hard. They took an Uber back at four in the morning. What do they do in the morning? Like what are their plans? You know, like this is this is this is the squad. So what are the squad goals in the morning? Well, in the morning, they're trying to look cute. So they're going to work on their glutes. So they're all going to go to the gym and they're gonna work it out and trying is the end stands for espera Gene and cute working on the glutes is glutamine. So this is the two other friends that actually weren't partying with them last night, so they don't have alcohol. Um but they joined in the morning, right? Maybe they got like brunch or something and then they decided to work to that are trying to look cute. So they're working on their glutes. So how are we going to remember the structures? So now we kind of know the order that disparaging comes first and glutamine comes next. By the way, cute stands for Q. That's the idea of cute, that cute glute. So um how are we gonna remember the structure of a sparrow gene and glue to me? Well, the other way to remember this and I hope you're writing some of this down, by the way, you should be pressing pause and writing some of these things down because it's gonna help you later. Well, the way you can think about it is that you only have one ass, but you've got to glutes, right? So when you're trying to look cute and you're working your glutes. Well, you're working on one asks, but you're also you have to glutes, that's just kind of human anatomy, right? At least for these girls. So, so a sparrow jean is gonna have one carbon in between the amid group at the end, whereas glutamine is gonna have two carbons because she has two glutes. Okay, so what that means is that this is my one carbon. I'm going to draw an amit here. Okay, so that is my, that's basically my ass, which sounds crazy, but that's that's that's the one ass okay for glutamine, since you have two glutes, we're gonna double that, we're gonna say it's not just one carbon, it's a second carbon. And then you draw your amid group. Alright? And there you have it, you have basically the whole gang, This is what the gang looks like in the morning, They're all, you know, working out and you've got well, I mean, Sistine was never really part of the gang. She stayed home and slept, but you've got the wolf pack and then you've got a spare engine and glutamine the joint in the morning um that are working with, you know, on one ass two glutes. And by the way, the way you can remember that, it's like AM IDs at the end because that's kind of the hard part to make that link. How do you remember that? It's AM IDs Well, It ends in 18 and the ends kind of look like a means, right? So you could think like, oh that's another mean then the end with 18. So you could think, well, a sparrow gene is the thing that looks like in the mean, but with only one carbon and glutamine is the thing that looks like an amine, but with two carbons. And then the way you could think. a sparrow gene being n you can think trying, she's trying to look cute and then glutamine is looking cute. so she's working on her glutes and that's you're cute and you're glutamine. Alright, So that was pretty fun. You're doing great. We only have five amino acids left to go. Let's go ahead and move on to the next video.
5 more! In the following video we will learn the 2 acidic and 3 basic side chains for amino acids.
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Charged Amino Acids
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Hey everyone. So in this video we're gonna take a look at our acidic and basic amino acids. Let's first start off with our acidic amino acids. They take the form of Spartak acid and glue. Tannic acid. Now we know that with amino acids we have three letter codes as well as one letter codes. Three letter codes are pretty easy because for a majority of amino acids they're just the first three letters of amino acids. Um Particular name in this case for acidic and basic amino acids. That's gonna fit the description for the three letter code here. A Spartak acid, a sp a sp flow, glue, tannic acid, glue and glue. Now here when it comes to their one letter code it can be a little bit tricky here. We're going to determine their one letter code by sandy amount phonetically. So if we say a Spartak acid, a Spar Dick, it sounds like there's D. Within the description. A Spar dick. So that's why we're gonna say that. It's one letter code is D. For glue, tannic acid. So glue to Mick, Mick at the end. So depending on how you say phonetically it sounds like an E. Glue to make. So that's why we're gonna go with me here. So we have the one letter code for Spartak acid being D. And the one letter code for glue. Tannic acid being E. I put them in this order because I remembered as drink acid, you're going to the emergency room. Right. So here we're talking about drink D for Spartak and emergency E. For glue atomic. So that's why we list them as a Spartak first then glue tannic Now for Spartak acid. What does it resemble? Well here when it comes to a Spartak acid we're going to say that it has this carbon here is just connected to a carbon silic acid group. Remember these are acids. Biological acids are car basilica acids are just one example of a type of biological acid. So here this carbon will just be connected to a carbon silic acid. This would be what a Spartak acid resembles. Now for glutamate acid. A little bit trickier. We're gonna say we're not just we don't have just one carbon. We're gonna say this carbon here is connected to another carbon and that carbon is connected to a carbon silicon acid. Now we can say here that these two carbons are connected together or glued together. Because if you look you have G. L. U. And then e they're glued together to help make glue tannic acid. So that's the way I remember what glue tannic acid looks like. I have my initial carbon in red. It's going to be glued to another carbon and it's that carbon that's connected to a carbon slick acid. Right so right now we've learned two ways of finding out what are acidic amino acid acid would be next. We have our basic amino acids basic because they have basic side chains. Now here there are lysine. They are histamine and there are argentine. So here again the three letter code is based on the first three letters in their name. So, if we look here, we have lice in lice, histamine hiss and then argentine. Argentine is ARJ here when it comes to their one letter code, it's a little bit trickier. So what do I say to myself to help me remember this? Well, I kind of think of an old cartoon I used to look at when I was smaller. It was based on this basic idea. So, basic basic side chain. This basic idea of a cat and a mouse and the cat would always try to catch the mouse but could never do it. That's tom and jerry. So, I'm kind of giving my age a little bit. But I kind of go with this idea of tom and jerry to help me remember the basic side chains of amino acids. Because it's a basic concept. We're gonna say here that K. H. R. Stands for kittens hunt rats. So, this idea again is a play on tom and jerry. The cartoon show. Now here, if we take a look, we can say that for listen, L. S. R. K. The way I remember that listen is connected to K. Is that we can say that lie scene is a liar. But that's okay. All right. So what do we have here? We have listen is connected to K. So, that's the way I remember the one letter code for lysine. And if we were to take a look at listen, we'd say that listen resembles matthias any. We're gonna say here license resembles with dying. If we look at the alphabet, we can say that L. Is next to em on the alphabet truck. So license resembles resembles Matheny. So here we draw pass Here goes our carbons. And at the end because we're dealing with basic side chain, we'd have an amine group. So NH two. So here this would represent listen for the next one. Histamine and arginine. Arginine are a little bit trickier. Okay, so these were going to come up with other ways of recognizing them. Their one letters are easier to see because with Histamine his starts with an H. So for this one, we're gonna say that this carbon Is connected to a five member rate. So what we're gonna do here is we're just gonna draw the five member ring initially. And then we're gonna, we're gonna alter it because this is a basic side chain. We're gonna have the presence of nitrogen groups. We're gonna say that This carbon connected the five member ring. And we're gonna pay attention to this carbon here in black. Now to draw this correctly, we're gonna say that there's two nitrogen within this 500 ring. One of the nitrogen will be directly connected to that carbon in black and one of them will be one carbon away. So over here, the one carbon away is going to be double bonded because nitrogen ideally wants to make three bonds. So here we're gonna put a double bond, they're actually gonna put these in blue keep up with the theme and then the other nitrogen that's connected to that carbon in black, it needs to make three bonds as well, it's not double bonded in order to make its third bond, it'll have a hydrogen branching off of it. So here this represents histamine, it's basically our carbon and red connected to a five member ring. The carbon and black is the one connected to that red carbon here and it has one nitrogen directly connected to it and it has one nitrogen away from it. The one that's away from it is double bonded. The one that's next to it connected to it has a hydrogen and its single bonded. Alright, so then those are those two. And then finally here we have our Argentine argent nine depending how you want to pronounce it. So here this one's tricky. Or how do I remember what the structure looks like? Well here we have our against its three letter code and we can think about where do I hear are are Well you might hear argh if you bump your knee hurt yourself or step on a tack. So let's say you step on something sharp. Okay, let's see, step on attack and you'll give out an expression of arg, this hurts going along, this theme is gonna help us to remember what the structure of this amino acid resembles. We're gonna say here that this amino acid. This carbon here will be connected to these carbons here and then that one will be connected to a nitrogen In order to make its three bonds. It has a hydrogen on it. It's connected to a carbon which is double bonded to another nitrogen. Or to make three bonds that single bonded to a hydrogen. Then that double bonded carbon is finally connected to its last nitrogen Which is an H. two. Now here we're thinking about stepping on something sharp pointing like attack something triangular at the top. And if we were to think of this triangular thing this end here kind of resembles a triangle. So stepping on this amino acid are very painful. We're gonna say here that this represents a triangle of a means Triangle is 4. 3. And what do we have here? We have 123 carbons involved that are coming off of this red carbon. And then how many nitrogen do we have? We have 1, 2. 3 Nitrogen. Okay so that's a way of us remembering what the structure of this amino acid resembles. Somebody erased all these circles. Okay, so that would be our final structure. So remember when it comes to our acidic and basic amino acids based on their side chains. Remember the two. Just remember drink acid, you're going to the emergency room. So here D. Is for Spartak acid and E. For emergency room is for glue. Tannic acid. Then based on my childhood cartoon. Tom and jerry were gonna say that kittens hunt rats. We're gonna say here that K. Is for lysine. H. Here is for histamine. And then we have our here for argentine Argent nine. So that's how we can remember the different types of letter coding for the amino acids. And then just remember some of the tricks that I talked about when it comes to their structures. We have our Spartak acid which is just that carbon. And reg is branching off to a car basilica acid glue, atomic acid glue that red carbon glues itself to another carbon which that carbon is connected to a car basilica acid. And then we have our life scene has a structure similar to methane. I mean we have our histamine is just uh red carbon connected to a five member ring. And then we have finally argentine argentine. That's painful. Are think of a triangular tacked where you step on it. It's made up of three means. So we have three carbons and three nitrogen. So keep that in mind when examining these different types of amino acids
There are 9essential amino acids. Let's dive deeper into their meaning.
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Essential Amino Acids
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lastly I want to talk about all of these interesting pizza emojis all over the amino acid sheet. As you see, there are, I think nine of these that have pizza on them. So what does that mean? Well, it turns out that many of these amino acids your body can make itself so your body could take proteins and turn them and turn one amino acid into another amino acid. But there are certain group of amino acids that are called essential amino acids. Now, what does essential mean? They're actually essential for survival. If you do not eat this protein, this amino acid, you will not have it in your body and you will probably die. So that's why it's important for us to be in taking protein all the time through the foods that we eat so that we can get some of our essential amino acids. Once again, these are amino acids that your body cannot synthesize on its own. We need to get it from an external food source. Some other animal that made that amino acid that we then take in and we use it ourselves basically. Our bodies got lazy and said, hey, if I'm always getting food that has this amino acid, why do I need to keep making it? I'll just keep getting it from other animals. And that's actually what happened scientifically. So, um, these are a set of amino acids that you may need to memorize. Okay, now the thing that's tricky is that there are a bunch of different special cases where in certain types of diseases you might need this amino acid or you might need this amino acid and some professors actually include that in their list of essential amino acids. So if you need to memorize your list of essential amino acids, what I'm going to show you the ones with the pizza slices are the ones that are universally accepted. Like on Wikipedia, these are the ones that everyone agrees are are essential. Now your professor or your textbook may add a few to this list but they're more for special cases. It's like, oh if you have this type of disease then you need this amino acid etcetera. Okay so we're gonna go over is the how many of this? It looks like nine essential amino acids. But I'm just letting you know that your list might be 10 or 11 or 12 depending on the special cases that your book or your texts or your professor wants you to learn. Okay, so we're just gonna scroll really quick and just look at them just so we can kind of get a big picture what we see is that the essential ones are some of them are in the hydrophobic are in the side chains. The non pollers that would be valuing loosen loosen method meaning tryptophan and phenylalanine. So six of them are in the non pollers. Okay then over here in the pollers we just have three inning. So three mean is essential. And then over here in our basics. Two of them are essential Histamine and Argentina are essential. Okay so these are the nine that are like the most agreed upon that you need to take in from other animals or plants or whatever in order to live. Okay now how are you going to remember these? So the way I like to think about it is that thankfully um a lot of these letters come together are are next to each other in the alphabet. So um what I would, what I would do is I would remember favorites. So favorite stands for fennel valentine valentine and three. I mean so all these letters by the way are the actual letters that they use in their symbols. Okay. And then you've got um Histamine is a loosen skip J. Lysine, loose seen matthias scene. And then W. Is just a random letter at the end. That's trip to fan. But W. You just flip the M. And then it's the same letters M. Just flipped. Okay, so now I know that sounds kind of, it's not that maybe it doesn't sound that helpful. But the way I like to think about it is like maybe the way you could think about it is like it's your favorite part of the alphabet but you're skipping J. So you're going from H. All the way to em. But you're skipping J. And then you're adding W. At the end. I bet there's some missed opportunities here with how easy this would be to memorize um Like I'm already thinking you possibly like H. And M. Or like your favorite J. Like I don't know, there's a lot of different directions. You can go, I'll leave this one up to you. You may not even need to know this. You may not need to memorize it, but in case you do, it's a pretty it's not that hard. You can already, like I'm already like memorizing it and I didn't even know this like a minute ago. Okay, so favorite and then all the letters except for J. And then you flip the M. At the end. Okay, so those are your essential amino acids. At least the most commonly agreed upon. Let's go ahead and move on to the next video.
Major props if you made it this far. Below we will use the tips and tricks learned above to fill in a blank chart and do some practice problems. Let's do this.
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Blank Amino Acid Worksheet
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All right, so in this video, we're literally just gonna learn through repetition, and we're gonna draw all the amino acids all over again from scratch. And hopefully, by doing it together, we're going to be able to go over a lot of these memory tools that we learned the first time and really solidify them. What this is also gonna help us do is iron out any rough edges of things that we might have for gotten to memorize the first time. Okay, so I'm gonna try to go a little bit quickly because you could always pause the video if you need to. Okay, so let's go ahead and start with our letters because we need to remember the orders first. Okay, so let's remember, orders are order Was Gavle Ip right? So G a V l i p. We're learning our non Poehler's throughout the week. Monday, Wednesday, Friday. Yeah, and now we're done with our first non Poehler's. Now we're gonna move on to our Poehler's are Poehler's. Well, we have Sistine. I'm just gonna write them here from now on. So Sistine and her sister searing, uh, alcohol is a serious threat. Eso that's gonna be three mean, and it makes you thirsty. So that's gonna be why, um What are they doing in the morning? They're trying to look cute, so they're working on their glutes, so they're trying to look cute. Right? Um so now we have our acidic side chains. Now, remember that acidic R e d. But in order to draw them easier, because when you drink acid, you go to the hospital. But we're gonna flip it to make it easier to draw. We're gonna draw them as d and e. And then finally, you have our basic B's, and it's gonna be Carla has a wreck, okay? And like, our could have been anything else that totally could have been, like, ravioli or something. But now we remember it. That's the most important thing. Um, so isn't that great? So now we already have our letters, right? So now let's fill in all of our names and our abbreviations. Let's start from the top again. And then we're just gonna do structures less. This is going to be so easy. It's crazy. So we have glistening and our abbreviation is glide. I. We have Allen een and our abbreviation is Allah. We have valley ing and our revision is valve. We have loose scene and our abbreviation is blue. We have is a loose scene and our abbreviation is this one's weird. It's I l e Okay. Actually, we didn't really talk about that one. It's like loose scene, but with an eye in the front because is a loose scene. You want to draw like a big letter, I so it doesn't look like l l Okay, so this is This is good. This is we're working out the things that we forgot to memorize the first time Pro lean P and pro Mutthiah Ning, right? Meth ion neen which is met Trip to fan tiptoe fan. Right. So we got trip to fan and this one is trip, so it's t r. P. So it's kind of like you your Elmer Fudd and you, like, tripped over something while you're looking for Bugs Bunny tripped a fan Twitter fan. We've got fennel, Alan een and that is P h E nine down, 11 to go. So we've got Sistine and the abbreviation is Cyst. We've got searing Oops. And the abbreviation is, Sir, we have three a mean, third. Wait nein. And the abbreviation is like Thursday. So we have to work that into the story somehow right there, actually going down on the Thursday that that's when they're partying. So alcohol is a serious threat on Thursdays especially. And I guess that they're actually working on their group glutes on a Friday morning, which that's a great use of time, especially if you don't have to go to work. Then that's what you should be doing like the rest of us. So then we've got why which is Tyra Scene. And this one's gonna look like, ah, tire. Um, yeah, I mean, it's the It's the first three letters of tires and I don't think that's that hard. It also kind of Well, no, that that could that could mess you up more, but I just think it's just tire. Okay, so n this one's a little tough. It's trying to look cute, so it's working in schools. But how do we get to the name? It's a sparrow, Jean. Okay, so how are we gonna remember that? We'll remember that we have ass and glute, so we already have the beginning, which is ass. And then end is the scene at the end. So we just have to connect ass. And I mean, and it's a sparrow Jing as spare. I wanna make sure I'm spelling it. Right, Jean. Okay. And that one is going to be a S N a spare a gene. Okay, then we've got, um, glutamine. And that one's gonna be g l n glutamine. So it's your It's not glue, because, remember, glue is actually sniffing on glue with E, so it's glutamine, but you have the end at the end, just like a s n. You have the g l n. Okay, Cool. Um, then we've got d and e. Remember that d is actually a spar dick acid, but don't spell like that. It's s far tick acid. Oops, kind of running out of room here, and that one is going to be asked ESP, which is the first three letters. Then we've got glue tannic acid, and that one's gonna be glue because it has the E at the end. Then we've got license because listen is a liar. But it's okay, and that is going to be l y s. Then you've got history Dean, which is h yes, and then we've got finally are sorry. You can't see Argentine, You spell you stepped on. And I mean and you said are And that's actually gonna be the abbreviation as well, Arg. Okay, great. So now I've got all our names. And now we just need to draw in our structures. And for this again, we're just gonna kinda go by this story. So we're gonna always draw the same backbone for all of these. And if you don't mind to save some time, I'm going to copy and paste this thing, because that's what you really you should do. You should draw a bunch of these. You should always draw these first, and then you can add the side chain to it, right? I mean, you could so So, basically, I'm just gonna I'm making the video shorter. That's what I'm doing by doing this. By the way, I did see that I messed up the Cairo ality on the first one, and I'm gonna fix that. Don't worry. I know that a few of you guys caught that I can hear you. Okay, let's just do these first nine. Well, yeah, sure. Let's do these first nine and then we'll go from there. Cool. So as I mentioned, I actually messed up the Chire ality on the first one Because remember, glyphs scene is hey, Kyra, All so I'm just gonna draw h, okay? And that's done. You're done. So what are we gonna do for Alan? Well, Alan is a It's the easiest amino acids. We're gonna draw ch three Valley and looks like a V. Let's go, Val. Loose scene is like a better version of al got the extra ch two. So ch two and then she's trying to show Val up, Um, I so loose scene is a lot like vow, but then with the extra stage three of the end pro lean Pentagon, right, So I'm gonna draw Pentagon. And that means that have toe Reese, the two right pro lean Pentagon Matthiasson in looks like an M. But at the end, I want one metal group sticking off and one sulfur. So I'm gonna do that trip to fan looks like a W because it's tweaked a fan. So I'm gonna have to draw my stick, and then I'm going to draw my w coming down So let's just draw it straight down. aN:aN:000NaN c I've got my w. Great. So now where do I add my nitrogen? Why? Added on the closest one. And I added at the bottom of the w right the next to go at the bottom. And now I close off my rings as five closest and six farthest. So yeah, five. Six. And now I add my double bonds. No, no, no. That's wrong. Cool like that So that the nature gin has an h on it. Cool. Don't forget that age. Awesome. Fennel. Valentin looks just like fennel. I mean, it looks just like Alan in, but with a fennel. Great. So we've got our first nine. Now what we're gonna do is copy and paste that structure again, and we'll work on the last 11. It's not gonna be too bad. Okay, so let's move on to these guys. So let's move on. Thio. The Poehler's so remember that Sistine is telling everyone to shut up at church. So she is gonna have s h remember that Searing is her troublemaker sister, that doesn't want anything to do with that. She's just gonna go partying on a Thursday with three Amin who looks just like Val ing. Except she likes alcohol. So we're gonna go ahead and add the over here so she looks like searing. Remember that tire scene? Looks like a tire, which looks just like fennel Allan E. Except duh. She wants to get her drink on, so we're gonna add her. Ohh! Remember that disparaging and glutamine You've got one asked. We got to glutes. So one of these I had one carbon one of these. I add two and then they're both gonna have an amad group which were thinking of kind of like as in a mean, So it's gonna be at h two, and this one's gonna be and each to Great. So remember that, and I'm just gonna go ahead and draw these from scratch. Remember that that a Spartak acid and glue tannic acid look just like a spare gene and glutamine, but with car books like acids, so we can draw those out NH two. And that's gonna be something. Looks like this. And glue tannic acid. You got to glutes, so it's gonna just be a little bit longer. Did I do that, right? Yeah. It looks just like the one on top. Whoa! No, I did not do that. Right. See you guys, I knew I did something wrong. My Ohh! And wow. Okay, I'm just like that's why that's why I was copying and pasting, cause now I'm rushing too much. There you go. So you got her a Spartak acid glue tannic acid. And now, finally, we have our last three, which I'll just draw from scratch. She has conjoined me. So how do you remember what listen Looks like? Well, remember that the letter l is close to the letter m right next to it. So it's gonna look like Mutthiah Ning. But we add the extra and H two at the end. His studying is the most the one I don't really have a great memory tool for, But maybe you guys do of how to draw it. So that's your challenge. Maybe you can work on that one. I gave you so many at this point. And that's gonna be ah, five numbered ring with one nitrogen attached, one nitrogen not attached, one double bond and one double bond. H. So the one of the H, you could make it closer to this side. Okay. And then finally, Argentine. Is that barely pointy of mean? That you don't want to step on. So we're gonna have in sets of threes. 123 carbons and then one to three a means. And we're gonna finish that off with our hydrogen and double bond. And there you have it. I might have made. I hope I didn't make any mistakes. Make sure that all your nitrogen is have the right number of hydrogen. Make sure that all your double bonds are in the right place. But I think we did it. It's been 15 minutes, and we went through all remember tools again. We're able to remember the correct order, the one that we memorized it with and draw every single structure with the names. This is amazing. Great job. So I hope that you're as excited as I am about memorizing me amino acids. Let's move on to the next video
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Problem
Non-Polar Sidechains - Fill in the missing sidechains on the following target tripeptide.
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2m
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7
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Non-Polar Sidechains - Fill in the missing sidechains on the following target tripeptide.
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2m
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8
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Problem
Non-Polar Sidechains - Provide the complete structure of the tripeptide P-F-W
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2m
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9
Problem
Problem
Polar Sidechains - Provide the Fischer Projection of Glutamine (Q)
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2m
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10
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Problem
Polar Sidechains - Provide the complete structure of the dipeptide Asn-Cys
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11
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Problem
Polar Sidechains - Fill in the missing sidechains on the following target oligopeptide.
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2m
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Note:While the structure of Asparagine is correctly drawn at position #5 in the above video. The abbreviation "N" actually belongs to Asparagine, not Arginine.
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Problem
Acidic/Basic Sidechains - Provide the Fischer Projection of Amino Acid (H)
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1m
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13
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Acidic/Basic Sidechains - Fill in the missing sidechains on the following target oligopeptide.
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2m
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14
Problem
Problem
Acidic/Basic Sidechains - Provide the complete structure of the oligopeptide V-I-D-Y. Based on your knowledge of hydrophobicity, which side of the peptide is more likely bury itself within the protein?
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4m
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