(•) For each molecular formula, represent all constitutional isomers using line-angle drawings.


(e) C₆H₁₄

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the molecular formula given, which is C₆H₁₄. This formula indicates an alkane with six carbon atoms because the general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2.
2. Start by drawing the simplest structure, which is the straight-chain alkane. For C₆H₁₄, this would be hexane, represented as a straight line of six carbon atoms connected by single bonds.
3. Next, consider branching possibilities to create other constitutional isomers. Begin with a five-carbon chain (pentane) and add a methyl group (CH₃) on one of the middle carbons (not on the ends, as this would revert back to hexane).
4. Continue exploring other branching options by reducing the main chain length and increasing the number and position of branches. For example, create a four-carbon chain (butane) and add two methyl groups on different carbons.
5. Ensure to check for unique arrangements by altering the positions of the branches and considering different combinations of shorter chains and branches. Remember, each unique arrangement represents a different constitutional isomer.

Key Concepts

Constitutional Isomers

Constitutional isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the connectivity of their atoms. This means that the arrangement of atoms in the molecule varies, leading to different structural forms. Understanding constitutional isomers is crucial for recognizing how variations in structure can affect the properties and reactivity of organic compounds.

Line-Angle Drawings

Line-angle drawings, also known as skeletal structures, are a shorthand way of representing organic molecules. In these drawings, carbon atoms are represented by the ends and intersections of lines, while hydrogen atoms are typically omitted for clarity. This method simplifies the visualization of complex structures, making it easier to identify isomers and their connectivity.

Molecular Formula

A molecular formula indicates the number and types of atoms in a molecule, represented by the symbols of the elements and subscripts denoting the quantity of each atom. For example, C₆H₁₄ indicates a molecule with six carbon atoms and fourteen hydrogen atoms. Understanding molecular formulas is essential for determining possible isomers and their structural variations.