Beginning with the molecules on the left of each chemical equation, synthesize the molecules shown. While there can be multiple ways of doing each synthesis, the minimum number of steps necessary is indicated over each reaction arrow.


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(Hint: H₂C = O is also made in this reaction.)

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the functional groups in the starting molecule and the product to understand the type of reactions that might be involved.
2. Consider the hint provided that formaldehyde (H₂C=O) is also made in this reaction, which suggests a reaction that might involve a formyl group or a mechanism that generates formaldehyde as a byproduct.
3. Analyze the minimum number of steps indicated over the reaction arrow to plan the synthesis route efficiently. This will help in selecting the most straightforward path.
4. Explore reactions that can introduce or modify functional groups in the starting molecule to transform it into the product structure. This could involve addition, substitution, or rearrangement reactions.
5. Review the reaction conditions (like temperature, solvents, catalysts) that are typically required for the reactions you have considered to ensure the feasibility of the synthesis path.

Key Concepts

Synthesis in Organic Chemistry

Synthesis in organic chemistry refers to the process of constructing complex organic molecules from simpler ones through a series of chemical reactions. Understanding the synthesis pathway is crucial, as it involves selecting appropriate reagents and conditions to achieve the desired product efficiently. Each step in the synthesis must be carefully planned to minimize the number of reactions while maximizing yield and purity.

Reaction Mechanisms

A reaction mechanism describes the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs. It provides insight into how reactants transform into products, including the formation and breaking of bonds. Familiarity with common mechanisms, such as nucleophilic substitution or elimination reactions, is essential for predicting the outcomes of synthetic routes.

Functional Groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. Recognizing functional groups is vital for understanding reactivity and guiding synthesis, as different groups can dictate the types of reactions that can occur. For example, carbonyl groups (C=O) are key in many synthesis reactions, including the formation of aldehydes and ketones.