Now what I want to do is I want to add carbonyls next to all of these and see how that changes them. So I'm going to add a carbonyl to my alcohol, amine, and I'm going to add a carbonyl to my ether and I'm going to show you guys how that changes the functional group. So if I add a carbonyl to my alcohol, that means what it's going to look like is now C=O with an OH next to it. Do you guys see that? So basically, I'm taking the OH from here and I'm just adding it next to my carbonyl. Alright? It turns out that this is going to react way differently from a regular alcohol because of that carbonyl, and we're actually going to find out a lot more about that in the acids and bases chapter. Okay? So what that means is that, this is going to turn into what's called an acid. This is the main acid of organic chemistry. So most of the acids that we deal with, a lot of them are carboxylic acids. And what I'm going to do for these is I'm also going to show you guys the condensed form of writing it because this is very common. So the way that it's written is as COOH. So if you see COOH, that's to do with carboxylic acid. Another way that it's written is COO2H. These are condensed abbreviations that confuse a lot of students, so it's important that you guys keep in your memory. This is the memorization part. It's important that you guys memorize that COOH is a carboxylic acid. It makes sense just by looking at it, but still, you need to make sure you know it.
Then we've got, so basically, alcohol plus a carbonyl, you get a carboxylic acid. Then let's do amine plus a carbonyl. Well, in this case, what I would get is I would get my carbonyl and then I would add NH2 next to it. Okay? So I'm just taking my amine from here and I'm adding it here. Alright? Well, the condensed formula for this is going to be CONH2 or whatever, however many H's that nitrogen has. And this is going to go from being an amine to what we call either you could call it an amide or amide. Both I've heard both pronunciations several times from different professors. I say amide, but there will be some ways, sometimes I'll even say amide. It just depends on what's in front of it. Sometimes if the name is really long, it sounds better to say amide. Alright. So whatever. I'm just trying to say don't be strict about the pronunciation, just be strict about knowing what it is. So that's kind of easy. Notice that I go from amine, add a carbonyl and it goes to an amide. Easy. Okay? The degree of the amide is determined the same way as a carbon. Okay? So if I gave you the following amide, okay, this is actually going to be, yeah, I'll give you that amide. This is actually what's called a cyclic amide and later on in Orgo 2, we're going to learn that these are very important. It gets the name of a lactam. So now I'm totally just jumping ahead just to make this interesting. Okay? You do not need to know about lactams yet. But I just want you guys to know that a lactam is a type of amide and what's the degree of it? What would be the degree of this amide? It would also be a secondary amide. So you could call it a lactam or you could call it a secondary amide. Why? Because this nitrogen here is attached to 2 carbon groups. See how that works? So it's just the same as we were using for the amine and also the same as we were using for carbon. Cool.
And then we've got this last one. I'll try to move out of the way a little bit. So we've got ester. Ester is what forms when you add a carbonyl, and then you just take the OR from the ether group. So isn't that cool? We get when you take an amine, add a carbonyl, turns into an amide. Ether plus a carbonyl turns into an ester. So these names are very similar, and that's one of the ways that helps to remember that you can just say, hey, add a carbonyl and it becomes the one that sounds like it. So in ester, the functional group or the condensed formula is going to be COOR. Anytime you see COOR, that is an ester. There's nothing else that you really need to know about this. Oh, also it could be CO2R. But other than that, I just want you to be able to recognize these.