Use the following choices to answer questions 2–5:
a. Candida
b. Chlamydia
c. Gardnerella
d. Neisseria
e. Trichomonas


Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows epithelial cells covered with bacteria.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Identify the key observation in the problem: epithelial cells covered with bacteria.
2. Recall the characteristics of each microorganism listed in the choices.
3. Consider which microorganism is known to adhere to epithelial cells and form a characteristic appearance.
4. Review the typical microscopic findings associated with each microorganism.
5. Determine which microorganism from the list is most commonly associated with the described microscopic appearance.

Key Concepts

Vaginal Microbiota

The vaginal microbiota consists of a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, that inhabit the vaginal environment. A healthy vaginal microbiota is predominantly composed of Lactobacillus species, which help maintain an acidic pH and protect against infections. Disruptions in this balance can lead to conditions such as bacterial vaginosis or yeast infections.

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Bacterial vaginosis is a common condition characterized by an imbalance in the normal vaginal flora, leading to an overgrowth of certain bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis. It is often identified by the presence of clue cells—vaginal epithelial cells coated with bacteria—during microscopic examination. BV can cause symptoms like unusual discharge and odor, but it may also be asymptomatic.

Microscopic Examination Techniques

Microscopic examination techniques, such as Gram staining or wet mount preparation, are essential for identifying and characterizing microorganisms in clinical samples. In the context of vaginal smears, these techniques allow for the visualization of epithelial cells and the presence of bacteria, aiding in the diagnosis of conditions like bacterial vaginosis or infections caused by specific pathogens.