In this video, we're going to begin our lesson on carbohydrates. Now, carbohydrates can be defined as carbon-based molecules that are hydrated with many hydroxyl groups, which recall are just a functional group that looks like this with an oxygen and a hydrogen atom. And so when we take a look at our image down below of carbohydrates, one thing that you'll notice is that there are plenty of these hydroxyl groups throughout their structures and so that is definitely a characteristic feature of carbohydrates. Now carbohydrates are also referred to as saccharides, and saccharides is really the Greek word that means sugars, and so sugars are carbohydrates. Now when the term carbohydrates was originally coined way back in the 1800s, it was actually referring to compounds that had the exact chemical formula of Cn(H2O)n where you had some number of carbon atoms being hydrated by some number of water molecules, and that's exactly where it got its name from. The carbo for the carbons and the hydro or the hydrates for the water molecules that are hydrating the carbon atoms. Now, it turns out that simple carbohydrates are carbohydrates that fit this chemical formula exactly. For example, glucose is a carbohydrate that fits this chemical formula exactly. And glucose is the most abundant carbohydrate, and it's the one that you guys should all be familiar with. And we'll be able to see an example of glucose down below in our image. But not all carbohydrates fit this chemical formula exactly, and so there are some complex carbohydrates, and complex carbohydrates are going to be carbohydrates that can slightly differ from this chemical formula here, and they can also have other types of atoms such as phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur atoms too. So let's take a look at our example down below to distinguish between the simple and complex carbohydrates. So notice on the left-hand side over here, when we take a look at its chemical formula and we count up the total number of carbon atoms, the total number of hydrogen atoms, throughout, and, the total number of oxygen atoms throughout, what we'll see is that there are a total of 6 carbon atoms, a total of 12 hydrogen atoms, and a total of 6 oxygen atoms. And so what you'll notice is that there are 6 water molecules that we can make out of the C6H12O6, and those water molecules are hydrating the 6 carbon atoms. And so this is going to be a molecule that fits the chemical formula up above exactly. And so this is going to be an example of a simple carbohydrate. More specifically, this is the chemical structure of glucose. And once again, glucose is the most abundant carbohydrate, and you should start to recognize its chemical formula of C6HO6H12 because at some point in your course, you will need to know this chemical formula. Now over here on the right-hand side, what we're showing you is a complex carbohydrate, and we can tell that it's a complex carbohydrate because its chemical formula does not match the one that we have up above. And so notice that it has a total of 6 carbon atoms, but when you count the hydrogen atoms there are 11 of them, and when you count the oxygen atoms there are actually 9 of them, and there's also 1 phosphorus atom as well, which you can see up above right here. And so this is a complex carbohydrate not because it has a circular shape, but because its chemical formula does not fit the one up above exactly. And so, moving forward, we're mainly going to be focusing on simple carbohydrates but it's good for you to also know that complex carbohydrates also do exist. And so this here concludes our introduction to carbohydrates and we'll get to talk more and more about carbohydrates as we move forward in our lesson. So, I'll see you all in our next video.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Microbiology3h 21m
- Introduction to Microbiology16m
- Introduction to Taxonomy26m
- Scientific Naming of Organisms9m
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- Introduction to Bacteria9m
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- Introduction to Eukarya20m
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- 20. Adaptive Immunity7h 14m
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- Introduction to T Lymphocytes38m
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- Affinity Maturation14m
- Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity21m
- Immune Tolerance28m
- Regulatory T Cells10m
- Natural Killer Cells16m
- Review of Adaptive Immunity25m
- 21. Principles of Disease6h 57m
- Symbiotic Relationships12m
- The Human Microbiome46m
- Characteristics of Infectious Disease47m
- Stages of Infectious Disease Progression26m
- Koch's Postulates26m
- Molecular Koch's Postulates11m
- Bacterial Pathogenesis36m
- Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins6m
- Exotoxins Cause Damage to the Host40m
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- Exotoxins vs. Endotoxin Review13m
- Immune Response Damage to the Host15m
- Introduction to Avoiding Host Defense Mechanisms8m
- 1) Hide Within Host Cells5m
- 2) Avoiding Phagocytosis31m
- 3) Surviving Inside Phagocytic Cells10m
- 4) Avoiding Complement System9m
- 5) Avoiding Antibodies25m
- Viruses Evade the Immune Response27m
5. Molecules of Microbiology
Carbohydrates
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