In this video, we're going to talk about the second organelle of the endomembrane system, which is the endoplasmic reticulum. Now, the endoplasmic reticulum is commonly abbreviated as just ER for short. And so the endoplasmic reticulum, or the ER, is a part of the endomembrane system, which means that its boundary is going to be a membrane. And so it's no surprise that the endoplasmic reticulum is going to be a membranous structure. Now the endoplasmic reticulum or ER, it is a membranous structure, but it's actually continuous with the nuclear envelope, which is the membrane of the nucleus. And, the endoplasmic reticulum is actually going to have multiple functions, and we'll be able to talk about some of those functions down below here. Now because the endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous structure, the membranous structure is going to act as a barrier to the endoplasmic reticulum, separating the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum from the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum. And the internal space or the internal compartment of the endoplasmic has a specific name that we call the ER lumen. And so the ER lumen is again the internal space or compartment on the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum. Now really there are 2 main types of endoplasmic reticulum that you all should know, and we have them numbered down below, number 1 and number 2. And so the first type of endoplasmic reticulum that you should know is the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the rough ER for short. And the rough ER is sometimes abbreviated as just the RER for the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Now, the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the rough ER or RER, is going to be a lot closer to the nucleus, so it directly extends off of the nuclear envelope. And as its name implies here with the rough, the rough endoplasmic reticulum has a rough surface that is, coated with ribosomes. And so the reason the rough ER is called the rough ER is because its surface is rough or at least it appears to be rough because it has ribosomes coating the surface and attached to the surface of the ER, the rough ER itself. Now recall that ribosomes are structures that build proteins, and so these ribosomes that are coded to the surface or attached to the surface of the rough ER are going to build, newly built, proteins, build newly built proteins. And the newly built proteins that are built by these ribosomes coated on the surface of the rough ER are going to fold and get modified on the rough ER lumen or the internal space or compartment of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Now the second type of endoplasmic reticulum that you all should know is the smooth ER, or for short, the SER for smooth endoplasmic reticulum. And the smooth endoplasmic And as its name implies with the smooth, the smooth ER has a smooth surface, and that is because it has a ribosome-free surface, meaning that there are no ribosomes on the surface of the smooth ER. Now because the smooth ER does not have any ribosomes, it's ribosome-free, then it's not gonna be associated with building proteins. Instead, the smooth ER is going to be, building or synthesizing lipids, and it's also important for detoxifying drugs and poisons. So let's take a look at our example image down below to further distinguish between the rough ER and the smooth ER. So once again, on the left hand side over here, we're showing you our eukaryotic cell representation, and we're zooming in specifically into this region right here, in, this box. And so what you'll notice is the nucleus, which we already covered in our last lesson video, is right here in this image. This is the nucleus, and the nucleus we know is part of the endomembrane system because it has a membrane, surrounding it called the nuclear envelope. And the endoplasmic reticulum, which is shown here in blue and in orange, is really just a continuous extension from the nuclear envelope, as we mentioned up above. It's continuous with the nuclear envelope. Now there's 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum. We know that there's the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is closer to the nucleus, and so the rough endoplasmic reticulum here is in bluish color here. It's in the bluish color surrounding the nucleus. And so we can go ahead and label this as the rough endoplasmic reticulum or the rough ER. Now recall that the rough ER is rough because it has a rough surface that is coated with ribosomes. So it has a rough ribosome-coated surface. So when we take a look down below, notice that all of these little blue dots that we see here on the rough ER represent ribosomes. Okay? Including this little dot right here. Those are ribosomes. And remember, the ribosomes are important for building proteins. And so, the newly built proteins that are made, they're actually going to fold and get modified on the inside of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, inside of the lumen of the, endoplasmic reticulum. And so, if, these ribosomes here, these little blue dots, if they're making proteins, those proteins will end up on the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the lumen. Now extending off of the membrane of the rough ER, we have this reddish structure that we're showing you here, which is actually the smooth ER or the SER. And so we can go ahead and label this as the smooth ER, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. And notice that the surface of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum looks pretty smooth because it does not have any ribosomes. It's free. It's ribosome-free. And so instead of making proteins, it's gonna be important for making lipids and detoxifying drugs and poisons. And so, extending off of these, endoplasmic reticulum, they because they're made up of membranes, these little membrane bubbles are capable of forming from both the smooth ER, as well as from the rough ER too, even though we're not showing you any membrane bubbles, budding from the rough ER. They can come from the rough ER too. But these little bubbles that you see here, these little vesicles, these little membrane bubbles, they're important for carrying materials, throughout and connecting interconnecting all of the organelles of the endomembrane system. Now, this here concludes our introduction to the endoplasmic reticulum and the two main types, the rough ER and the smooth ER. And we'll be able to get some practice applying these concepts as we move forward in our course and continue to talk more about organelles of the endomembrane system as well. So I'll see you all in our next video.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Microbiology3h 21m
- Introduction to Microbiology16m
- Introduction to Taxonomy26m
- Scientific Naming of Organisms9m
- Members of the Bacterial World10m
- Introduction to Bacteria9m
- Introduction to Archaea10m
- Introduction to Eukarya20m
- Acellular Infectious Agents: Viruses, Viroids & Prions19m
- Importance of Microorganisms20m
- Scientific Method27m
- Experimental Design30m
- 2. Disproving Spontaneous Generation1h 18m
- 3. Chemical Principles of Microbiology3h 38m
- 4. Water1h 28m
- 5. Molecules of Microbiology2h 23m
- 6. Cell Membrane & Transport3h 28m
- Cell Envelope & Biological Membranes12m
- Bacterial & Eukaryotic Cell Membranes8m
- Archaeal Cell Membranes18m
- Types of Membrane Proteins8m
- Concentration Gradients and Diffusion9m
- Introduction to Membrane Transport14m
- Passive vs. Active Transport13m
- Osmosis33m
- Simple and Facilitated Diffusion17m
- Active Transport30m
- ABC Transporters11m
- Group Translocation7m
- Types of Small Molecule Transport Review9m
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis15m
- 7. Prokaryotic Cell Structures & Functions5h 52m
- Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells26m
- Binary Fission11m
- Generation Times16m
- Bacterial Cell Morphology & Arrangements35m
- Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure10m
- Introduction to Bacterial Cell Walls26m
- Gram-Positive Cell Walls11m
- Gram-Negative Cell Walls20m
- Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls11m
- The Glycocalyx: Capsules & Slime Layers12m
- Introduction to Biofilms6m
- Pili18m
- Fimbriae & Hami7m
- Introduction to Prokaryotic Flagella12m
- Prokaryotic Flagellar Structure18m
- Prokaryotic Flagellar Movement11m
- Proton Motive Force Drives Flagellar Motility5m
- Chemotaxis14m
- Review of Prokaryotic Surface Structures8m
- Prokaryotic Ribosomes16m
- Introduction to Bacterial Plasmids13m
- Cell Inclusions9m
- Endospores16m
- Sporulation5m
- Germination5m
- 8. Eukaryotic Cell Structures & Functions2h 18m
- 9. Microscopes2h 46m
- Introduction to Microscopes8m
- Magnification, Resolution, & Contrast10m
- Introduction to Light Microscopy5m
- Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes23m
- Light Microscopes that Increase Contrast16m
- Light Microscopes that Detect Fluorescence16m
- Electron Microscopes14m
- Reviewing the Different Types of Microscopes10m
- Introduction to Staining5m
- Simple Staining14m
- Differential Staining6m
- Other Types of Staining11m
- Reviewing the Types of Staining8m
- Gram Stain13m
- 10. Dynamics of Microbial Growth4h 36m
- Biofilms16m
- Growing a Pure Culture5m
- Microbial Growth Curves in a Closed System21m
- Temperature Requirements for Microbial Growth18m
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- Reviewing the Environmental Factors of Microbial Growth12m
- Nutritional Factors of Microbial Growth30m
- Growth Factors4m
- Introduction to Cultivating Microbial Growth5m
- Types of Solid Culture Media4m
- Plating Methods16m
- Measuring Growth by Direct Cell Counts9m
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- Measuring Growth by Membrane Filtration6m
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- Introduction to the Types of Culture Media5m
- Chemically Defined Media3m
- Complex Media4m
- Selective Media5m
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- Reducing Media4m
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- Reviewing the Types of Culture Media8m
- 11. Controlling Microbial Growth4h 10m
- Introduction to Controlling Microbial Growth29m
- Selecting a Method to Control Microbial Growth44m
- Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth49m
- Review of Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth7m
- Chemical Methods to Control Microbial Growth16m
- Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth6m
- Liquid Chemicals: Alcohols, Aldehydes, & Biguanides15m
- Liquid Chemicals: Halogens12m
- Liquid Chemicals: Surface-Active Agents17m
- Other Types of Liquid Chemicals14m
- Chemical Gases: Ethylene Oxide, Ozone, & Formaldehyde13m
- Review of Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth11m
- Chemical Preservation of Perishable Products10m
- 12. Microbial Metabolism5h 16m
- Introduction to Energy15m
- Laws of Thermodynamics15m
- Chemical Reactions9m
- ATP20m
- Enzymes14m
- Enzyme Activation Energy9m
- Enzyme Binding Factors9m
- Enzyme Inhibition10m
- Introduction to Metabolism8m
- Negative & Positive Feedback7m
- Redox Reactions22m
- Introduction to Aerobic Cellular Respiration25m
- Types of Phosphorylation12m
- Glycolysis19m
- Entner-Doudoroff Pathway11m
- Pentose-Phosphate Pathway10m
- Pyruvate Oxidation8m
- Krebs Cycle16m
- Electron Transport Chain19m
- Chemiosmosis7m
- Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration19m
- Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration23m
- 13. Photosynthesis2h 31m
- 14. DNA Replication2h 25m
- 15. Central Dogma & Gene Regulation7h 14m
- Central Dogma7m
- Introduction to Transcription20m
- Steps of Transcription22m
- Transcription Termination in Prokaryotes7m
- Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing20m
- Introduction to Types of RNA9m
- Genetic Code25m
- Introduction to Translation30m
- Steps of Translation23m
- Review of Transcription vs. Translation12m
- Prokaryotic Gene Expression21m
- Review of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression13m
- Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression13m
- Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons27m
- The Lac Operon21m
- Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon25m
- The Trp Operon20m
- Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon11m
- Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation9m
- Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications16m
- Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control22m
- Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation28m
- Post-Translational Modification6m
- Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation13m
- 16. Microbial Genetics4h 44m
- Introduction to Microbial Genetics11m
- Introduction to Mutations20m
- Methods of Inducing Mutations15m
- Prototrophs vs. Auxotrophs13m
- Mutant Detection25m
- The Ames Test14m
- Introduction to DNA Repair5m
- DNA Repair Mechanisms37m
- Horizontal Gene Transfer18m
- Bacterial Transformation11m
- Transduction32m
- Introduction to Conjugation6m
- Conjugation: F Plasmids18m
- Conjugation: Hfr & F' Cells19m
- Genome Variability21m
- CRISPR CAS11m
- 17. Biotechnology3h 0m
- 18. Viruses, Viroids, & Prions4h 56m
- Introduction to Viruses20m
- Introduction to Bacteriophage Infections14m
- Bacteriophage: Lytic Phage Infections12m
- Bacteriophage: Lysogenic Phage Infections17m
- Bacteriophage: Filamentous Phage Infections8m
- Plaque Assays9m
- Introduction to Animal Virus Infections10m
- Animal Viruses: 1. Attachment to the Host Cell7m
- Animal Viruses: 2. Entry & Uncoating in the Host Cell19m
- Animal Viruses: 3. Synthesis & Replication22m
- Animal Viruses: DNA Virus Synthesis & Replication14m
- Animal Viruses: RNA Virus Synthesis & Replication22m
- Animal Viruses: Antigenic Drift vs. Antigenic Shift9m
- Animal Viruses: Reverse-Transcribing Virus Synthesis & Replication9m
- Animal Viruses: 4. Assembly Inside Host Cell8m
- Animal Viruses: 5. Release from Host Cell15m
- Acute vs. Persistent Viral Infections25m
- COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)14m
- Plant Viruses12m
- Viroids6m
- Prions13m
- 19. Innate Immunity7h 15m
- Introduction to Immunity8m
- Introduction to Innate Immunity17m
- Introduction to First-Line Defenses5m
- Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin13m
- Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Mucous Membrane9m
- First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers24m
- First-Line Defenses: Normal Microflora5m
- Introduction to Cells of the Immune System15m
- Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes29m
- Cells of the Immune System: Agranulocytes25m
- Introduction to Cell Communication5m
- Cell Communication: Surface Receptors & Adhesion Molecules16m
- Cell Communication: Cytokines27m
- Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)45m
- Introduction to the Complement System24m
- Activation Pathways of the Complement System23m
- Effects of the Complement System23m
- Review of the Complement System12m
- Phagoctytosis21m
- Introduction to Inflammation18m
- Steps of the Inflammatory Response26m
- Fever8m
- Interferon Response25m
- 20. Adaptive Immunity7h 14m
- Introduction to Adaptive Immunity32m
- Antigens12m
- Introduction to T Lymphocytes38m
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules20m
- Activation of T Lymphocytes21m
- Functions of T Lymphocytes25m
- Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells13m
- Introduction to B Lymphocytes27m
- Antibodies14m
- Classes of Antibodies35m
- Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen15m
- T Dependent & T Independent Antigens21m
- Clonal Selection20m
- Antibody Class Switching17m
- Affinity Maturation14m
- Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity21m
- Immune Tolerance28m
- Regulatory T Cells10m
- Natural Killer Cells16m
- Review of Adaptive Immunity25m
- 21. Principles of Disease6h 57m
- Symbiotic Relationships12m
- The Human Microbiome46m
- Characteristics of Infectious Disease47m
- Stages of Infectious Disease Progression26m
- Koch's Postulates26m
- Molecular Koch's Postulates11m
- Bacterial Pathogenesis36m
- Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins6m
- Exotoxins Cause Damage to the Host40m
- Endotoxin Causes Damage to the Host13m
- Exotoxins vs. Endotoxin Review13m
- Immune Response Damage to the Host15m
- Introduction to Avoiding Host Defense Mechanisms8m
- 1) Hide Within Host Cells5m
- 2) Avoiding Phagocytosis31m
- 3) Surviving Inside Phagocytic Cells10m
- 4) Avoiding Complement System9m
- 5) Avoiding Antibodies25m
- Viruses Evade the Immune Response27m
8. Eukaryotic Cell Structures & Functions
Endomembrane System: Protein Secretion
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