Amino Acid Catabolism: Carbon Atoms - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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concept
Amino Acid Catabolism: Carbon Atoms Concept 1
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In this video, we're gonna take a look at amino acid metabolism in relation to carbon atoms. Now, here amino acids can be categorized based on whether they synthesize glucose or ketone bodies. Now remember in amino acid metabolism, when we talk about the carbon skeleton, we have two fs one that deals with the citric acid cycle and gluconeogenesis. When we have the creation of glucose or we have ketogenesis which deals with the creation of ketone bodies. Now, here when we talk about our amino acids, we have our gluco genic and ketogenic amino acids, glycogenic amino acids, only synthesize glucose, ketogenic amino acids, only synthesize ketone bodies. If we take a look at the chart, here we have gluco genic versus ketogenic amino acids. The ones in blue, these are strictly amino acids that are gluco genic genic in nature. Then we have those that are ketogenic and in those that are both, luckily, we have a memory tool to help us recall how to organize these different types of amino acids. And our memory tool is simply fit. So fit fit tt so triple T, we're dealing with threonine, tryptophan and tyro are three amino acids that begin with T I I. Here is iso lucine amino acid that begins with I and here we're dealing with phenyl alanine. If you s if you sounded out phenyl sounds like an F so f fit. These are our amino acids that are both gluco genic and ketogenic in nature, right? So we've figured out those next ketogenic. This one is also easy to remember because our ketogenic ones are the only ones that begin with. L. So leucine and lysine are two ketogenic amino acids. That would mean that all the other amino acids have to be gluco genic in nature, right? So just remember Fit Fit helps us to remember we're dealing with uh phenylalanine, we're dealing with isoleucine and then our three tine tryptophan and Tracy. When it comes to ketogenic, it's only the amino acids beginning with L everyone else will be gluco gen um gluco in nature, right? So keep that in mind when trying to organize these different types of amino acids.
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example
Amino Acid Catabolism: Carbon Atoms Example 1
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In this example, it says label each amino acid as gluco genic G ketogenic K or both with B. All right. So remember when it comes to both, we use the memory tool of fit Fit TT F. Here is pheno alanine. I here is isoleucine T are only three amino acids beginning with T. So we could say three name tryptophan and tyro. So if we take a look at our options, here goes tryptophan. T this has to be the one with both. We don't see phenylalanine anywhere we don't see isoleucine anywhere. We don't see another amino acid beginning with T. So this is the only option that has both as an answer, right? So then we're left with uh Cine lysine and glutamine. Remember lysine begins with l only the ketogenic amino acids begin with L lysine is one of them. Leucine would be the other one. So this is K serene doesn't start with an LG bluey doesn't start with an L, neither one is part of our memory tool of fit. Therefore, they can't be ketogenic in nature and they can't represent both. So by default, they are gluco genic. So both of them will get G as their answer. All right. So this is how we sort out these different types of amino acids being gluco genic ketogenic or both in terms of nature.
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Problem
Problem
Identify amino acid that is considered to be glucogenic but not ketogenic.
A
Phenylalanine
B
Leucine
C
Tyrosine
D
Aspartate
E
Lysine
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concept
Amino Acid Catabolism: Carbon Atoms Concept 2
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Here in this video, we're gonna continue our discussion of amino acid metabolism in relation to carbon atoms. And we're gonna pay attention to the fate of amino acid carbon atoms. But first recall that transamination produces an alpha keto acid. It produces a new amino acid as well. But we're concerned with the alpha keto acid here. This represents the amino group that's been left out. So we're looking at our carbon skeleton. The carbon atoms of an alpha keto acid are converted to one or more of the seven energy producing intermediates. Now, as a disclaimer here, your professor may not require you to memorize all the intermediates involved in the amino acids connected to them. But if you are supposed to memorize all the intermediates and amino acids connected, we do have memory tools, we'll go over later on to help you memorize them. Now, here we're going to say that the citric acid intermediates can be used to synthesize glucose through gluconeogenesis. And we're gonna say CTO Coe and Aceto Aceto coa can be used to synthesize heat on bodies through ketogenesis. Now, based on meta metabolic pathways, some amino acids can synthesize both. Remember we talked about this before we have our amino acids that are uh gluco genic ketogenic or a combination of both. When it comes to both, we remember fit which remember is fit TT or we have pheno alanine, we have isoleucine and then three amino acids beginning with t remember that our ketogenic ones are the ones that begin with L which are leucine and lysine. And then all the other remaining amino acids are gluco genic in nature. This means that a vast majority of the amino acids they're trying to create glucose. Now, if we take a look at this, this large structure here we have in blue are pyruvate. We have oxy acetate, we have alpha ketoglutarate, we have succinyl coa humera and again, back to oxy acetate. These are the citric acid cycle portions that we have. Now remember what's in the blue boxes represents our, our gluco genic amino acids. What's in these kind of like fuchsia pinkish boxes? Those are our ketogenic ones. Remember those are the only ones that begin with L. So lucine and lysine and then both would be the purple one here. If we take a look here, we can see that alanine, all these amino acids, they help to make parva here, pyruvate itself can do one of two things pyruvate can go towards acito coe, which in itself is in a reversible reaction with a cy A cy coe. These can help to make ketone bodies here that makes sense because we have these in the purple boxes which can be ketogenic or glu gluco genic in nature. And in these that are only ketogenic in nature. So everything here is ketogenic because they're gonna help to make Aceto coe and aceto aceto coe, which eventually can help make ketone bodies. Now, here, pyruvate can also be changed into oxy acetate, which is part of the citric acid cycle by utilizing the enzyme pyruvate carboxylate. Now, this oxy acetate itself, it is important because it can lead to the generation of glucose and through the digestion of glucose, we can help make high energy A TP as our final molecule. Now here, acetyl coa itself, if we look, it could feed in the citric acid cycle. But here, acetyl coa would combine with oxy acetate and that would feed directly into alpha ketoglutarate. Because of this, we're gonna say that when it comes to aceto, it cannot create glucose because it uses oxyl acetate at the beginning of the citric acid cycle. So it'll use an Ayo acetate in order to go through the citric acid cycle and produce an oxy acetate at the end. So the net gain is zero. Now, here, if we take a look, we can see that again, these are ketogenic in nature to help make ketone bodies and then a vast majority of the other amino acids they come in later on in the citric acid cycle. So here they can help moving this way, create oxy acetate which again can lead to the generation of glucose glucose. From this image, we can see again, a vast majority of the amino acids they're trying to make glucose glucose. Can he lead to high energy production? A TP later on through digestion? Right? So here this is just a way of organizing how some of the amino acids line up and what kind of intermediates they help to make in the continuation of the generation of either ketone bodies or glucose. All right. So here we're gonna utilize this chart in terms of answering a sample of example and practice questions.
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example
Amino Acid Catabolism: Carbon Atoms Example 2
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Here in this example question, it says select correct statement about amino acid intermediates, right? So tyrosine is only ketogenic because it produces acetyl acetyl coa. Now remember our ketogenic ones are they begin the ones that begin with the letter L. So Leucine and lysine based off of just that we know that this answer cannot be true. Tyrosine doesn't begin with the letter L. Also we know that it can't only be um ketogenic in nature because it is surrounded by a purple box. Also, in terms of our memory tool fit, it represents one of these amino acids beginning with t aspartate is considered gluco genic and ketogenic because it degrades two intermediates of crept cycle. So here fit is the memory tool we use for the amino acids that are both ketogenic and glycogenic in nature. Aspartate. A, it's not one of the letters here. So it couldn't be both gluco genic and ketogenic in nature. Also, if you take a look at the chart, we see that it has a blue box around it, meaning that it is only gluco genic in nature. Isoleucine can be used to synthesize glucose and ketone bodies due to two different intermediates that can form, that is true based on fit I we know that it is both ketogenic as well as ke ketogenic as well as gluco genic in nature. So it can form glucose and ketone bodies. And if it can produce those two things, it has to be done due to two different intermediates, it can form. So this statement is true. Next part of it is the product of only gluco genic amino acids. While looking at the chart that we see that there are uh thine and tryptophan which are in purple boxes, they are both ketogenic as well as gluco genic in nature. So this can't be true. It can't only be gluco genic amino acids. If it were all those amino acids above pyro, it would have to be in blue boxes which it is not. So this is not true. So again, here, the only answer that's true is option C.
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concept
Amino Acid Catabolism: Carbon Atoms Concept 3
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So here we're going to utilize some memory tools to help us recall the different types of intermediates involved as well as their amino acids. So here we have memory tools. One all the way down to seven. So memory tool, one deals with pyruvate. The amino acids attached to it are glycine, tryptophan cysteine cyne thine and alanine. The way we can memorize this is that we have pirates gliding in water and we're gonna say 16 sirens throwing algae. So pirates, pate gliding glycine tryptophan, it's one letter code is W 16 S sirens, serene siren close uh throwing three on nine algae. Alanine memory tool. Two. Next intermediate is oxy acetate. Here we have aspartate and um asparagine. Here we'd say that it is oxen and we're gonna say aspire to eat asparagus. So, Oxin, ox oxalacetate aspire aspartate to eat asparagus, asparagine tool memory tool three alpha ketoglutarate. We have proline histidine, arginine glutamate and glutamine. Here we'd say the memory tool is Alfred eating protein to fuel his arms and both glutes. So Alfred alpha ketoglutarate, prolene protein, histadine is arginine arms and both glutes. There's two glutes, glutamate and glutamine. Next, we have memory tool four, succinyl coa is connected to valle methionine and isoleucine here our memory to will be succulent and we're gonna say vanilla melon ice cream, succulent, succinyl vanilla valen melon methionine, isoleucine is ice ice cream. Keep going memory. So it's a lot. It's a lot. But these are the best tools that you can use to help you memorize the groupings of the intermediates and their respective amino acids fate. We have tyro, we have phenylalanine and we have aspartate. So here we'd say furious, we're gonna say tires, we're gonna say flying on asphalt. So here I like that one. So furious fate tires. Tyrosine flying phenylalanine aspartate asphalt. Next memory tool six acetyl coa with its with its amino acids or isoleucine leucine three and tryptophan we have ace is losing a third, third place trophy. So ace acetyl is losing. I saw Lucine uh third, so losing third. Lucine third is thine trophy is tryptophan. Then memory tool seven acetyl acetyl aceto acetylate. We have Tyra, we have Leucine, we have LYCEE, we have Tryptophan and we have Phenyl Ay. So here this would be Ale tying loose knots with flowers. Socio Acito K away. Ale here tying Tyra loose lucine knot. So here we're gonna say Knots Lyne with again, one letter code for trip defend is W Phenyl Alanine flowers, right? So here these are the memory tools you can utilize again. Uh talk to your professor. Do you need to know all the intermediates. Do you need to know all the amino assets connected to them? If you do these are the memory tools you need to utilize to remember their groupings.
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example
Amino Acid Catabolism: Carbon Atoms Example 3
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Here it says, select the correct list of amino acids from which Pyruvic can be metabolized. So, Pyruvic, this deals with memory tool. Number one memory tool. Number one says pyrates, lighting in water. 16 sirens throwing algae. So pirates P is pyruvate gliding gly is glycine in water. One letter code W is for tryptophan 16 is S sirens is S uh serene throwing is 309 and then LGL is alanine. So pyre or metabolite and these are the amino acids connected to it. If we look at our options, the only one that has these groupings would have to be option C. So option C would be our final answer.
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Problem
Problem
Which intermediate can be produced from degradation of carbon atoms in glutamate?
A
α-Ketoglutarate
B
Pyruvate
C
Acetyl CoA
D
Succinyl CoA
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