ATP and Energy - Video Tutorials & Practice Problems
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concept
Structure of Mitochondria Concept 1
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Now, when it comes to a TP and energy, it's important to remember the structure of the mitochondria, which oftentimes you hear it is the powerhouse of the cell. Now, the mitochondria is basically the energy producing organelles where a majority of A TP is produced. Now, here, we're going to say that this is the site of the common metabolic pathway. And with the mitochondria, we have what's called arris. Ar Crista are, are folded inner membranes and it provides increased surface area for the production of A TP. If we're to take a look at this example of our mitochondria, we would say that our, our Christa will be represented by this portion where, where it's being highlighted. These are the folds of the inner membrane. Next, we're gonna say that inside of here, this gray portion would be our matrix of the mitochondria. Then we would say that this outside portion, well, this outside portion here would be our outer membrane. Then we would say that this portion that's being touched would be our um inner membrane. So remember the membrane itself is just this portion. The Christa is just where it's folding. So we have our outer membrane here. We have our inner membrane here. So what do we call the part that's in between that? Well, that's called our inter membrane space, right. So these represent the most important portions of a typical mitochondria.
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example
Structure of Mitochondria Example 1
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30s
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In this example question, it says which structure in the mitochondrion contributes significantly to a TP synthesis. So remember we said that the cris day represents our inner folded membranes. They help to increase the surface area with to help with the production of a TP. This is incredibly important for the generation of as much A TP as possible. So out of all these options, it would have to be option B Chris Day helps significantly to a TP synthesis by folding of the membrane.
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concept
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Concept 2
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2m
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Now, a TP stands for adenosine triphosphate. We're gonna say energy obtained from food metabolism is stored within these A TP molecules. A TP itself is a high energy compound that stores and transports energy. Now, here we're going to say that it has high energy phosphorus, oxygen bonds. We're gonna say hydrolysis using of water of on A TP yields energy. If we take a look here, we have our A TP here. So our A TP is made up of different things. We have our adenine or nitrogenous space. Here we have our ribose, which is our sugar and then we have three phosphates, 123. So our triphosphate remember that our ribose and adenine together are our denisse. So together, that's what they form. So this would be our adenosine triphosphate. That's why it's called A TP. Here, we're gonna use water. Water basically cuts one of these phosphate groups off. So you'll notice that we no longer have three phosphate groups. We have only two try means three die means two. So this now becomes adenosine diphosphate or ad P. Now, the removal of this phosphate group creates P I here, which is inorganic phosphate inorganic because it doesn't have a carbon connected to it. Also by cutting off this phosphate, we're breaking that high energy bond, breaking it releases that energy that was in it. So we have energy here being produced as a product. Now, here note that hydrolysis of AD P. So we could actually use water again if we wanted to, to cut this high energy bond and that would produce adenosine monophosphate or a MP. We're again another high energy phosphorus oxygen bond, which would result in the release of energy again. So just remember, a TP is just a high energy molecule. We can cut through the use of water. It's po bonds, it's phosphorus oxygen bonds to release an inorganic phosphate. But more importantly, energy.
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example
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Example 2
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Which components make up the structure of A TP. Remember A TP stands for adenosine triphosphate. The adenosine portion is made up of two things. It's made up of our nitrogen space in the form of adenine and the ribose sugar. And if we look only A and B or A and C have those options. So B is out and D is out. So together those two components make the adenosine part, adenosine part of A TP. And why is it called TP? Won't try phosphate. There's three phosphate groups connected together. So here it would not be one mo one phosphate group that would be adenosine monophosphate. So by elimination, C would have to be our answer. We're gonna say here that A TP, its components are adenine, which is the nitrogenous space. Again, the ribo sugar, which is our sugar component together. They're the adenosine adenosine and then we have our three phosphate groups. So C would be our final answer.
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Problem
Problem
Hydrolysis of Adenosine Diphosphate yields:
A
Ribose, inorganic phosphate, and energy.
B
Adenosine Monophosphate, one inorganic phosphate, and chemical (potential) energy.
C
Adenosine Monophosphate, three inorganic phosphates, and energy.
D
Adenosine Monophosphate, one inorganic phosphate, and kinetic energy.
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concept
Coupled Reactions Concept 3
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1m
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Now, when it comes to a TP and energy know that not every reaction in metabolic pathways is favorable and some need to couple with favorable or exothermic reactions such as a TP hydrolysis. Remember using water on a TP is hydrolysis, we have the releasing of an inorganic phosphate group. But more importantly, energy, the energy that we release, we can harness it. And we're gonna use this energy. It serves as energy source to basically drive unfavorable reactions. So if we take a look here, we're gonna say this first reaction is unfavorable in it. We have glucose and we have a pho uh inorganic phosphate group. Here we're trying to add it to glucose to create glucose six phosphate. This reaction is highly unfavorable because there is not energy that helps to drive it. So what we do here to create a favorable reaction is first we do a TP hydrolysis. Remember a TP hydrolysis would cut the high energy phosphorus oxygen bond to create a dennison diphosphate inorganic phosphate. But more importantly, energy this energy that we make here we can then harness it. Couple it with this original equation with this outside energy. We now have the energy source to help us connect the inorganic phosphate to our glucose molecule. And in this case, we can successfully make glucose six phosphate. So just remember, not all metabolic reactions are favorable, we sometimes have to couple them, we have to get energy from another place and then use it, harness it to help drive our initially unfavorable reaction.
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example
Coupled Reactions Example 3
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1m
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Here in this example, it says formation of sucrose from glucose and fructose is coupled with a TP hydrolysis. What role does a TP play? Right. So a TP here through hydrolysis will release energy. This energy can be used to help drive this unfavorable reaction. Here, we're gonna say um it's going to transfer energy to drive the endothermic reaction. So a is the best answer here to act as a catalyst. No, it's not acting as a catalyst. It's acting as an energy source. Speed up the rate of the reaction. Well, here, both B and C are saying the same thing speed up the rate of the reaction would mean it's acting as a catalyst which is not what it's doing. A catalyst speeds up the energy well, speeds up a reaction by lowering the energy of activation. It doesn't change an unfavorable reaction to a favorable one. That's why it doesn't work. And it's not a good option, absorb energy from the surroundings. No, if we're cutting or cleaving a phosphorus oxygen bond, we're releasing energy, then we can use that energy to drive our next reaction. So here option A is the correct answer
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Problem
Problem
An athlete is training for a marathon. Every mile that the athlete runs, an average of 117.5 kcal of energy is expanded. How many moles of ATP would the athlete burn during a full marathon (26.2 mi)? Use conversion factor: 1 mole ATP = 7.3 kcal.