22. Carbohydrate Metabolism

Outline the conditions that direct pyruvate toward the following:

b. Conversion to ethanol and CO₂ In what tissues or organisms is each pathway present?

Outline the conditions that direct pyruvate toward the following:

c. Conversion to lactate In what tissues or organisms is each pathway present?

What three products are formed from pyruvate under aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentation conditions?

Which of the following conversions would you expect to consume energy and which would you expect to yield energy based on the final oxidation state of the coenzymes involved in each reaction?

a. pyruvate → lactate

Why is it important for the cell that the NADH produced when pyruvate is converted to lactate be converted back to NAD⁺?

How does the formation of lactate permit glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions?

When is pyruvate converted to lactate in the body? (18.4)

The formation of lactate permits glycolysis to continue under anaerobic conditions. Explain.

List the energy yield in ATP molecules for each of the following:

c. Glucose → 2 lactate

Name the coenzyme produced during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.