How many steps in gluconeogenesis are not the exact reversal of the steps in glycolysis? What kind of conversion of substrate to product does each involve? What is the common theme in each of these reactions?

Explain why the Cori cycle is necessary and when your cells would use this cycle.

Lactate can be converted into pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and the coenzyme NAD⁺. Write the reaction in the standard biochemical format, using a curved arrow to show the involvement of NAD⁺.

Why is it important for muscle cells to export lactate into the bloodstream during heavy exercise?

Name the two molecules that serve as starting materials for glucose synthesis.

Why does glycogenolysis use fewer steps than the reverse process, glycogenesis? Which process uses less energy?

Indicate whether the statements below apply to the glucose-regulating hormone insulin or to glucagon:

(a) signals cells to take up glucose

Indicate whether the statements below apply to the glucose-regulating hormone insulin or to glucagon:

(c) not produced in people with type 1 diabetes