In this video, we'll take a look at the functional groups without carbonyls. Now, a carbonyl group represents a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen. So it's represented as C=O. Functional groups without a carbonyl group are recognizable by the presence of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen. Remember, your halogens are in group 7A, so they're represented as Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, or Iodine. A good way to remember this is "SUN halogens": sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and the halogens.
If we take a look down here, we're looking at what's marked in red. That's kind of like a landmark that helps us to identify that particular functional group. If we take a look here, if you have a single-bonded carbon, so the carbon only has single bonds, and it's connected to an OH group, that represents an alcohol. For the next one, if you have single-bonded carbons, right, single-bonded carbons, and they're both connected to the same oxygen, making COC, then that is an ether.
For the next one, the landmark is the nitrogen. If we have a single-bonded nitrogen connected to hydrogens, then that represents an amine. Now typically, you'll see, nitrogen could have 1, 2, or 3 hydrogens. Next, we have a carbon connected to X. What does X represent? Well, X is just a placeholder that represents any of the halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. So if you have a single-bonded carbon here connected to one of the halogens, then we call that an alkyl halide.
Finally, if you have a single-bonded carbon, single-bonded carbon that is connected to an SH group, then we call that a thiol. Here, these represent the most common types of functional groups that have sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, or halogen, but no carbonyl group. So keep these in mind when you run across them while looking at different functional groups.