Here in this video, we're going to continue our discussion of amino acid catabolism in relation to carbon atoms, and we're going to pay attention to the fate of amino acid carbon atoms. But first, recall that transamination produces an Alpha Keto Acid. It produces a new amino acid as well, but we're concerned with the Alpha Keto Acid. Here, this represents the amino group that's been left out. So we're looking at our Carbon Skeleton. The carbon atoms of an alpha keto acid are converted to one or more of the seven energy-producing intermediates. Now as a disclaimer here, your professor may not require you to memorize all the intermediates involved in the amino acids connected to them. But if you are supposed to memorize all the intermediates and the amino acids connected, we do have memory tools we'll go over later to help you memorize them. Now, here we're going to say that the Citric Acid Intermediates can be used to synthesize Glucose through gluconeogenesis. And we're going to say Acetyl CoA and Acetyl Acetyl CoA can be used to synthesize ketone bodies through ketogenesis. Now based on metabolic pathways, some amino acids can synthesize both. Remember, we've talked about this before. We have our amino acids that are glucogenic, ketogenic, or a combination of both. When it comes to both, we remember fit. Which remember is f I t t t. Or we have Phenylalanine, we have Isoleucine, and then three amino acids beginning with T. Remember that our ketogenic ones are the ones that begin with L which are Leucine and Lysine and then all the other remaining amino acids are glucogenic in nature. This means that a vast majority of the amino acids, they're trying to create glucose. Now, if we take a look at this large structure here, we have in blue our pyruvate, we have Oxaloacetate, we have Alpha Ketoglutarate, we have Succinyl CoA, fumerate, and again back to oxaloacetate. These are the citric acid cycle portions that we have. Now remember, what's in the blue boxes represents our glucogenic amino acids. What's in these kind of like fuchsia pinkish boxes? Those are our ketogenic ones. Remember, those are the only ones that begin with L, so Leucine and Lysine. And then both would be the purple one here. If we take a look here, we can see that Alanine and all these amino acids, they help to make pyruvate here. Pyruvate itself can do one of two things. Pyruvate can go towards Acetyl CoA, which in itself is in a reversible reaction with Acetyl Acetyl CoA. These can help to make ketone bodies. Here, that makes sense because we have these in the purple boxes, which can be ketogenic or glucogenic in nature and then these that are only ketogenic in nature. So, everything here is Ketogenic because they're going to help to make Acetyl CoA and Acetyl Acetyl CoA which eventually can help make Ketone bodies. Now, here Pyruvate can also be changed into Oxaloacetate, which is part of the Citric Acid Cycle by utilizing the enzyme Pyruvate Carboxylase. Now, this Oxaloacetate itself, it is important because it can lead to the generation of glucose. And through the digestion of glucose, we can help make high energy ATP as our final molecule. Now here, Acetyl CoA itself, if we look, it could feed in the Citric Acid Cycle. But here, Acetyl CoA would combine with Oxaloacetate and that would feed directly into Alpha Ketoglutarate. Because of this, we're going to say that when it comes to Acetyl CoA, it cannot create glucose because it uses oxaloacetate at the beginning of the citric acid cycle. So it'll use an Oxaloacetate in order to go through the Citric Acid Cycle and produce an Oxaloacetate at the end. So the net gain is zero. Now, here if we take a look, we can see that again, these are ketogenic in nature to help make ketone bodies. And then a vast majority of the other amino acids, they come in later on in the citric acid cycle. So, here they can help moving this way create Oxaloacetate which again can lead to the generation of Glucose. Glucose, from this image, we can see again a vast majority of the amino acids they're trying to make glucose. Glucose can lead to high energy production ATP later on through digestion. Right? So, here, this is just a way of organizing how some of the amino acids line up and what kind of intermediates they help to make in the continuation of the generation of either ketone bodies or glucose. Alright. So here we're going to utilize this chart in terms of answering a sample of example and practice questions.