We're going to say that the difference in electronegativities between two elements can determine the type of chemical bond present. We're going to say the greater the difference in electronegativity, then the greater the polarity of the bond. Now, if we take a look, we can see here that we have differences in electronegativities. If the difference is 0, that must mean they both have the same electronegativity value. We classify this as a pure covalent bond. A great example is two bromines bonded together. They're sharing these electrons here in the center and they're sharing them equally, so you'll have these equal arrows between them. Here, this shading represents their electron cloud. They're equal in size because again, their electronegativity values are the same. They're sharing them perfectly. Now, once you start getting a little difference in electronegativity, we go into what we call a nonpolar covalent bond. Here it has a difference between 0.1 and 0.4. If we take a look here, carbon is slightly bigger in terms of its electron cloud because its electronegativity value was a little bit higher than hydrogen's. It's 2.5 versus hydrogen's 2.1. We still have arrows, but notice that this arrow is slightly larger because the electrons belong a little more towards carbon's side. Now, what you need to realize here is that pure covalent is when there is no difference in electronegativity, but it is also classified as being nonpolar. Now, intermediate is when the difference is between 0.5 and 1.7. Here, we classify this as a polar covalent bond. If we take a look here, we have chlorine and hydrogen. Remember, once we are greater than 0.4 difference in electronegativity, that's significant. That means we're going to be polar and with a polarity involved, we have dipole arrows. The dipole arrow always points towards the more electronegative element. It's pointing towards chlorine, which is more electronegative than hydrogen. Remember, chlorine is 3.0. Hydrogen is just 2.1. With the dipole arrow, we have charges involved. In this case, partial charges. Here, chlorine will be partially negative. Hydrogen will be partially positive. Finally, if it's larger than 1.7, then it is an ionic bond. Remember, ionic bonds are bonds between a positive ion and a negative ion. Here the difference is so large that the cation ion is formed because sodium actually hands over its electron to chlorine. Now here, it also has a dipole arrow, but it's much larger because the polarity is even greater. Here, this is another difference: that whereas in polar covalent we have partial charges, in ionic we have full charges. So this is fully negative and this is fully positive. And again, the arrow points towards the more electronegative element. So just remember, the greater your difference in electronegativity, the greater the polarity of the bond. These differences in polarity help to classify different types of chemical bonds present.
Table of contents
- 1. Matter and Measurements4h 29m
- What is Chemistry?5m
- The Scientific Method9m
- Classification of Matter16m
- States of Matter8m
- Physical & Chemical Changes19m
- Chemical Properties8m
- Physical Properties5m
- Intensive vs. Extensive Properties13m
- Temperature (Simplified)9m
- Scientific Notation13m
- SI Units (Simplified)5m
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- Dimensional Analysis22m
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- 2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
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- Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (Simplified)4m
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- Molecular Geometry (Simplified)11m
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- Dipole Moment (Simplified)15m
- Molecular Polarity (Simplified)7m
- 5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
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- 6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 35m
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- 10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
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- Gas Evolution Equations (Simplified)6m
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- Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation16m
- Strong Acid Strong Base Titrations (Simplified)10m
- 11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
- BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
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- 12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
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- Disaccharides7m
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- 21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
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- Intro to Lipids6m
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- Physical Properties of Fatty Acids6m
- Waxes4m
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- Glycerophospholipids15m
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- Steroids15m
- Cell Membranes7m
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- 24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
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- 26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m
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- Phosphodiester Bond Formation7m
- Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids11m
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- DNA Double Helix6m
- Intro to DNA Replication20m
- Steps of DNA Replication11m
- Types of RNA10m
- Overview of Protein Synthesis4m
- Transcription: mRNA Synthesis9m
- Processing of pre-mRNA5m
- The Genetic Code6m
- Introduction to Translation7m
- Translation: Protein Synthesis18m
4. Molecular Compounds
Dipole Moment (Simplified)
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