Hi. In this video, we're going to be talking about transfer RNA. So transfer RNA, which is shorthand is tRNA, and this is responsible for translating a codon, so those 3 nucleotides, into a single amino acid. So this is the adapter, so to speak, between the codon itself and the amino acid. So the structure of a tRNA on it is, it kind of looks like a cloverleaf, some people say it's an L shape. But essentially it has two main regions that you need to know about. The first is an anticodon, and this is actually a sequence, so it's an RNA sequence, because tRNA is made up of RNA, which makes sense. So it's an RNA sequence, and this RNA sequence is complimentary to the codon in which it translates. So if the codon is ACC, then the anticodon would be what? It would be UGG, because we're working with RNA, GG. So this would be on the tRNA if it attaches the amino acid to this codon. Then on the other side of the tRNA, it has an amino acid attachment site. This is where the amino acid attaches so that it can be transferred during the translation process. Now tRNA doesn't exist with just amino acids on it. tRNA is just an RNA. There has to be an enzyme that actually adds the amino acids onto it, and so that is called an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. And this is the enzyme that attaches amino acids onto tRNA's. Now there are 20 different aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, one for every single amino acid. So there's not one enzyme that does all of them, there's 20 of them, one for each amino acid. And when we have a tRNA that has an amino acid attached onto it, we call that tRNA charged. So a charged tRNA has an amino acid on. So this is what tRNA looks like. This is let me back up. This is why people say it looks like a cloverleaf, and this is why people say it looks like an L. And you can say whatever you want to, but this is entirely RNA. So the anticodon region is here in gray, you see it here, and so this is the anticodon. And the amino acid binding site is here, in this like goldish yellow color. So that's where the amino acid binds on to. And so understanding tRNAs and how they work is super important to understanding translation. So, with that, let's now move on.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Genetics51m
- 2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
- 3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
- 4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
- 5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
- 6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
- 7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
- 8. DNA Replication1h 10m
- 9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
- 10. Transcription1h 0m
- 11. Translation58m
- 12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
- 13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
- 14. Genetic Control of Development44m
- 15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
- 16. Transposable Elements47m
- 17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
- 18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- 19. Cancer Genetics29m
- 20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
- 21. Population Genetics50m
- 22. Evolutionary Genetics29m
11. Translation
Transfer RNA
11. Translation
Transfer RNA - Online Tutor, Practice Problems & Exam Prep
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a crucial role in translation by converting codons, sequences of three nucleotides, into specific amino acids. Each tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to the codon, allowing for accurate pairing. The amino acid attachment site on tRNA binds the corresponding amino acid, facilitated by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases—20 distinct enzymes, one for each amino acid. A tRNA with an attached amino acid is termed "charged," essential for protein synthesis. Understanding tRNA structure and function is vital for grasping the translation process in molecular biology.
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concept
tRNA
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Video transcript
2
Problem
ProblemWhich of the following structures is not a part of a transfer RNA?
A
Anticodon
B
Amino acid attachment site
C
Codon
D
Clover leaf structure
3
Problem
ProblemWhich of the following enzymes is responsible for attaching amino acids onto the tRNA?
A
tRNA attachases
B
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
C
Aminoacyl-tRNA attachases
D
tRNA lysases
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS AND ACTIVITIES (17)
- In this chapter, we focused on the translation of mRNA into proteins as well as on protein structure and funct...
- Francis Crick proposed the 'adaptor hypothesis' for the function of tRNA. Why did he choose that description?
- Describe three features of tRNA molecules that lead to their correct charging by tRNA synthetase enzymes.
- Identify the amino acid carried by tRNAs with the following anticodon sequences.5′-GAU-3′
- Identify the amino acid carried by tRNAs with the following anticodon sequences.5′-AUG-3′
- Identify the amino acid carried by tRNAs with the following anticodon sequences.5′-CUC-3′
- Identify the amino acid carried by tRNAs with the following anticodon sequences.5′-AAA-3′
- Identify the amino acid carried by tRNAs with the following anticodon sequences.5′-UAG-3′
- Summarize the steps involved in charging tRNAs with their appropriate amino acids.
- For each of the anticodon sequences given in the previous problem, identify the other codon sequence to which ...
- To carry out its role, each transfer RNA requires at least four specific recognition sites that must be inhere...
- What are isoaccepting tRNAs? Assuming that there are only 20 different aminoacyl tRNA synthetases but 31 diffe...
- Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence: 5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′ What events occur to pe...
- Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence: 5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′ What is the anticodon t...
- Consider translation of the following mRNA sequence:5′-...AUGCAGAUCCAUGCCUAUUGA...-3′Diagram translation at th...
- Describe the roles and relationships between tRNA anticodon sequences and mRNA codon sequences
- Describe the roles and relationships between tRNA synthetases and tRNA molecules