How is genetic information encoded in a DNA molecule?

Key Concepts

DNA Structure

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double helix composed of nucleotides, each containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of these bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) encodes genetic information. The specific pairing of bases (A with T and C with G) allows for the stable storage and transmission of genetic data.

Genetic Code

The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in DNA is translated into proteins. It consists of codons, which are sequences of three nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids. This code is universal among most organisms, highlighting the commonality of life and the fundamental processes of protein synthesis.

Transcription and Translation

Transcription and translation are the two key processes through which genetic information is expressed. During transcription, the DNA sequence is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then exits the nucleus. In translation, ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and synthesize proteins by linking the appropriate amino acids together, following the instructions encoded in the genetic code.