Radiotherapy (treatment with ionizing radiation) is one of the most effective current cancer treatments. It works by damaging DNA and other cellular components. In which ways could radiotherapy control or cure cancer, and why does radiotherapy often have significant side effects?

Key Concepts

Mechanism of Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy utilizes ionizing radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells, leading to cell death or the inability to divide. This process targets rapidly dividing cells, which is characteristic of cancer, while also affecting some normal cells. Understanding this mechanism is crucial for grasping how radiotherapy can control tumor growth and potentially lead to a cure.

Side Effects of Radiotherapy

The side effects of radiotherapy arise from its impact on both cancerous and healthy cells. Normal tissues, especially those that also divide rapidly, such as skin, hair follicles, and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, can be damaged. This collateral damage results in symptoms like fatigue, skin irritation, and nausea, highlighting the need for careful treatment planning.

Radiation Dose and Treatment Planning

The effectiveness of radiotherapy is influenced by the radiation dose and the precision of treatment planning. Oncologists must balance delivering a high enough dose to eradicate cancer cells while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues. Advanced techniques, such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), help achieve this balance, improving outcomes and reducing side effects.