Two different mutations affect . Mutant 1 decreases transcription from the promoter to 10% of normal. Mutant 2 increases transcription from the promoter to 10 times greater than the wild type. How will each mutation affect the determination of the lytic or lysogenic life cycle in mutant λ phage strains? Explain your answers.

Verified step by step guidance

1. Understand the context: The λ phage can enter either the lytic or lysogenic cycle, and this decision is influenced by the level of transcription from certain promoters.
2. Identify the role of transcription: In the λ phage, transcription levels from specific promoters determine whether the phage will enter the lytic or lysogenic cycle.
3. Analyze Mutant 1: With transcription decreased to 10% of normal, consider how reduced expression of genes involved in the lytic cycle might favor the lysogenic cycle.
4. Analyze Mutant 2: With transcription increased to 10 times the normal level, consider how overexpression of genes involved in the lytic cycle might favor the lytic cycle.
5. Consider regulatory mechanisms: Reflect on how the balance of transcriptional regulation affects the decision between the lytic and lysogenic cycles in λ phage.

Key Concepts

Transcription Regulation

Transcription regulation refers to the mechanisms that control the rate of gene expression by influencing the transcription of DNA into RNA. In the context of phage λ, transcription from the promoter is crucial for determining whether the phage enters a lytic or lysogenic cycle. Mutations that alter transcription levels can significantly impact the expression of genes responsible for these life cycles.

Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

The lytic cycle is a viral reproductive process that results in the destruction of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle involves the integration of viral DNA into the host genome, allowing the virus to replicate without killing the host. The decision between these two pathways is influenced by environmental conditions and the levels of specific regulatory proteins, which are affected by transcription levels.

Mutations and Their Effects

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can alter gene function and expression. In this scenario, Mutant 1, which decreases transcription, may favor the lysogenic cycle by reducing the expression of lytic genes, while Mutant 2, which increases transcription, could push the phage towards the lytic cycle by enhancing the expression of genes that promote viral replication and cell lysis.