What role do the following cellular components play in the storage, expression, or transmission of genetic information: (a) chromatin, (b) nucleolus, (c) ribosome, (d) mitochondrion, (e) centriole, (f) centromere?

Key Concepts

Chromatin

Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It plays a crucial role in packaging DNA into a compact, dense shape, allowing for efficient storage and regulation of gene expression. Chromatin can exist in two forms: euchromatin, which is less condensed and actively involved in transcription, and heterochromatin, which is more tightly packed and generally inactive.

Ribosome

Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains. They can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, forming rough ER. Ribosomes facilitate the decoding of genetic information carried by mRNA, linking amino acids together in the order specified by the genetic code, thus playing a vital role in gene expression.

Centromere

The centromere is a region of a chromosome that links sister chromatids and is essential during cell division. It serves as the attachment point for spindle fibers, which pull the chromatids apart to ensure proper segregation into daughter cells. The centromere plays a critical role in the transmission of genetic information during mitosis and meiosis, maintaining genetic stability across generations.