Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Genetics51m
- 2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
- 3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
- 4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
- 5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
- 6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
- 7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
- 8. DNA Replication1h 10m
- 9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
- 10. Transcription1h 0m
- 11. Translation58m
- 12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
- 13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
- 14. Genetic Control of Development44m
- 15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
- 16. Transposable Elements47m
- 17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
- 18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- 19. Cancer Genetics29m
- 20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
- 21. Population Genetics50m
- 22. Evolutionary Genetics29m
6. Chromosomal Variation
Chromosomal Mutations: Aneuploidy
1:32 minutes
Problem 1a
Textbook Question
Textbook QuestionIn this chapter, we focused on extranuclear inheritance and how traits can be determined by genetic information contained in mitochondria and chloroplasts, and we discussed how expression of maternal genotypes can affect the phenotype of an organism. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions? How was it established that particular phenotypes are inherited as a result of genetic information present in the chloroplast rather than in the nucleus?
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Extranuclear Inheritance
Extranuclear inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that occurs outside the nucleus, primarily through organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. This type of inheritance is distinct from Mendelian inheritance, which involves nuclear DNA. In plants, traits such as leaf color can be influenced by the genetic information in chloroplasts, which is inherited maternally, meaning offspring receive their chloroplast DNA exclusively from the mother.
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Maternal Effect
The maternal effect is a phenomenon where the genotype of the mother directly influences the phenotype of her offspring, regardless of the offspring's own genotype. This occurs because the mother provides cytoplasmic factors, such as RNA and proteins, during oocyte development. In the context of chloroplast inheritance, the maternal genotype can determine the traits expressed in the offspring, as the chloroplasts are inherited from the mother and carry specific genetic information.
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Experimental Evidence for Chloroplast Inheritance
Establishing that phenotypes are inherited from chloroplasts rather than the nucleus often involves experimental approaches such as reciprocal crosses and genetic mapping. For example, researchers may cross plants with different chloroplast types and observe the resulting phenotypes in the offspring. If the phenotypes align with the maternal parent’s chloroplast type, it supports the conclusion that chloroplasts, not nuclear genes, are responsible for the observed traits.
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