Recall that when the HGP was completed, more than 40 percent of the genes identified had unknown functions. The PANTHER database provides access to comprehensive and current functional assignments for human genes (and genes from other species).

Go to http://www.pantherdb.org/data/. In the frame on the left side of the screen locate the 'Quick links' and use the 'Whole genome function views' link to a view of a pie chart of current functional classes for human genes. Mouse over the pie chart to answer these questions. What percentage of human genes encode transcription factors? Cytoskeletal proteins? Transmembrane receptor regulatory/adaptor proteins?

Key Concepts

Human Genome Project (HGP)

The Human Genome Project was an international research initiative aimed at mapping and understanding all the genes of the human species. Completed in 2003, it identified over 20,000 human genes, but more than 40% of these genes had unknown functions at the time. This project laid the groundwork for modern genetics, enabling further research into gene functions and their implications in health and disease.

Gene Function Annotation

Gene function annotation is the process of identifying and describing the roles of genes and their products in biological processes. Databases like PANTHER provide functional classifications and assignments for genes, helping researchers understand their biological significance. This information is crucial for studying gene interactions, pathways, and the overall functioning of organisms.

Functional Classes of Genes

Functional classes of genes categorize genes based on their roles in cellular processes. Examples include transcription factors, which regulate gene expression, cytoskeletal proteins that provide structural support, and transmembrane receptor proteins that facilitate communication between cells. Understanding these classes helps in analyzing gene functions and their contributions to various biological systems.