Write a short essay describing how epigenetic changes in cancer cells contribute to the development and maintenance of cancers.

Key Concepts

Epigenetics

Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can be influenced by various factors, including environmental stimuli, lifestyle, and developmental stages. In cancer, epigenetic modifications can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the silencing of tumor suppressor genes, contributing to tumorigenesis.

DNA Methylation

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism involving the addition of a methyl group to the DNA molecule, typically at cytosine bases. This modification can repress gene expression and is often found in cancer cells, where abnormal methylation patterns can silence genes that normally prevent tumor growth. Understanding these patterns is crucial for elucidating how cancers develop and persist.

Histone Modification

Histone modification involves the chemical alteration of histone proteins around which DNA is wrapped, influencing chromatin structure and gene accessibility. These modifications, such as acetylation and phosphorylation, can either promote or inhibit gene expression. In cancer, altered histone modifications can lead to the dysregulation of genes involved in cell cycle control and apoptosis, thereby supporting cancer cell survival and proliferation.