A major advance in the 1980s was the development of technology to synthesize short oligonucleotides. This work both facilitated DNA sequencing and led to the advent of the development of PCR. Recently, rapid advances have occurred in the technology to chemically synthesize DNA, and sequences up to 10 kb are now readily produced. As this process becomes more economical, how will it affect the gene-cloning approaches outlined in this chapter? In other words, what types of techniques does this new technology have potential to supplant, and what techniques will not be affected by it?

Key Concepts

Oligonucleotide Synthesis

Oligonucleotide synthesis refers to the chemical process of creating short sequences of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. This technology allows researchers to produce specific DNA sequences for various applications, including gene cloning, PCR, and DNA sequencing. The ability to synthesize oligonucleotides has revolutionized molecular biology by enabling precise manipulation of genetic material.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a widely used technique in molecular biology that allows for the amplification of specific DNA sequences. By using short oligonucleotide primers, PCR can exponentially replicate a target DNA segment, making it easier to study and manipulate. Advances in DNA synthesis technology can enhance PCR efficiency and enable the amplification of longer sequences, impacting gene-cloning strategies.

Gene Cloning Techniques

Gene cloning techniques involve the process of isolating and replicating specific genes to study their function or produce proteins. Traditional methods often rely on restriction enzymes and vector systems to insert DNA fragments into host organisms. As DNA synthesis technology becomes more economical, it may replace some of these traditional techniques, particularly in the initial steps of cloning, while still requiring established methods for integration and expression in host cells.