The following is a partial pedigree of the British royal family. The family contains several inbred individuals and a number of inbreeding pathways. Carefully evaluate the pedigree, and identify the pathways and common ancestors that produce inbred individuals A (Alice in generation IV), B (George VI in generation VI), and C (Charles in generation VIII).

Key Concepts

Pedigree Analysis

Pedigree analysis is a method used to study the inheritance patterns of traits in families. It involves creating a diagram that represents family relationships and the transmission of genetic traits across generations. By analyzing the pedigree, one can identify carriers of specific traits, determine the likelihood of inheritance, and trace the lineage of individuals, which is crucial for understanding inbreeding and its effects.

Inbreeding

Inbreeding refers to the mating of individuals who are closely related genetically, which can lead to an increased chance of offspring inheriting genetic disorders. In a pedigree, inbreeding can be identified by the presence of multiple affected individuals in a lineage, often resulting from common ancestors. Understanding inbreeding is essential for evaluating the health and genetic diversity of a population, particularly in royal families where such practices have historically occurred.

Common Ancestors

Common ancestors are individuals from whom two or more descendants inherit genetic material. In the context of a pedigree, identifying common ancestors is vital for tracing inbreeding pathways, as these ancestors contribute to the genetic makeup of inbred individuals. Recognizing these relationships helps in understanding how traits are passed down and the potential risks associated with inbreeding, such as reduced genetic diversity and increased likelihood of recessive genetic disorders.