The Human Genome Project has demonstrated that in humans of all races and nationalities approximately 99.9 percent of the genome sequence is the same, yet different individuals can be identified by DNA fingerprinting techniques. What is one primary variation in the human genome that can be used to distinguish different individuals? Briefly explain your answer.

Key Concepts

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, or SNPs, are the most common type of genetic variation among people. They occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered, leading to differences in DNA sequences between individuals. SNPs can influence traits and susceptibility to diseases, making them valuable for DNA fingerprinting and personal identification.

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)

Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) are repeating sequences of 2-6 base pairs of DNA found in specific regions of the genome. The number of repeats can vary significantly among individuals, making STRs useful for forensic analysis and paternity testing. DNA profiling often relies on analyzing multiple STR loci to create a unique genetic fingerprint for identification.

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals within a population. This variation is crucial for evolution and adaptation, as it provides the raw material for natural selection. In the context of DNA fingerprinting, understanding genetic variation helps identify unique patterns that distinguish one individual from another, despite the high similarity in the overall genome.