In this chapter, we focused on a number of interesting applications of genetic engineering, genomics, and biotechnology. At the same time, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions?

What experimental evidence confirms that we have introduced a useful gene into a transgenic organism and that it performs as we anticipate?

Key Concepts

Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic organisms are those that have been genetically modified to contain a gene or genes from another species. This process often involves the use of recombinant DNA technology, where DNA from one organism is inserted into the genome of another. Understanding how these organisms are created and the implications of their genetic modifications is crucial for evaluating their functionality and the success of gene introduction.

Gene Expression Analysis

Gene expression analysis involves measuring the activity of a gene to determine whether it is being expressed and to what extent. Techniques such as quantitative PCR, Northern blotting, or RNA sequencing can be used to assess the presence and quantity of mRNA produced from the introduced gene. This analysis is essential for confirming that the transgenic organism is not only carrying the gene but also actively expressing it as intended.

Phenotypic Assessment

Phenotypic assessment refers to the evaluation of observable traits or characteristics of an organism resulting from the expression of its genes. In the context of transgenic organisms, this involves assessing whether the introduced gene confers the desired traits, such as increased resistance to pests or enhanced nutritional value. Experimental evidence of successful gene function often includes comparing the phenotypes of transgenic organisms with non-transgenic controls.