Albinism, caused by a mutational disruption in melanin (skin pigment) production, has been observed in many species, including humans. In 1991, and again recently in 2017, the only documented observations of an albino humpback whale (named 'Migaloo') were observed near New South Wales. Recently, Polanowski and coworkers (Polanowski, A., S. Robinson-Laverick, and D. Paton. (2012). Journal of Heredity 103:130–133) studied the genetics of humpback whales from the east coast of Australia, including Migaloo. What data would be helpful in determining the answer to part (a)?

Key Concepts

Genetic Mutations

Genetic mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in gene function. In the case of albinism, mutations affect genes responsible for melanin production, resulting in a lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes. Understanding the types of mutations (e.g., point mutations, deletions) is crucial for analyzing how they contribute to phenotypic traits like albinism.

Melanin Production

Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes that gives color to skin, hair, and eyes. It plays a vital role in protecting against UV radiation. The genetic pathways involved in melanin synthesis, including key enzymes and regulatory genes, are essential for understanding conditions like albinism, where melanin production is disrupted.

Population Genetics

Population genetics studies the distribution and change in frequency of alleles within populations. This field is important for understanding how traits like albinism can be observed in specific populations, such as humpback whales. Data on allele frequencies, genetic diversity, and mating patterns can provide insights into the genetic basis of albinism in these whales.