Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Genetics51m
- 2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
- 3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
- 4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
- 5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
- 6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
- 7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
- 8. DNA Replication1h 10m
- 9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
- 10. Transcription1h 0m
- 11. Translation58m
- 12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
- 13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
- 14. Genetic Control of Development44m
- 15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
- 16. Transposable Elements47m
- 17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
- 18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- 19. Cancer Genetics29m
- 20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
- 21. Population Genetics50m
- 22. Evolutionary Genetics29m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
2:39 minutes
Problem 32d
Textbook Question
Textbook QuestionFrom a piece of blank paper, cut out three sets of four cigar-shaped structures (a total of 12 structures). These will represent chromatids. Be sure each member of a set of four chromatids has the same length and girth. In set one, label two chromatids 'A' and two chromatids 'a.' Cut each of these chromatids about halfway across near their midpoint and slide the two 'A' chromatids together at the cuts, to form a single set of attached sister chromatids. Do the same for the 'a' chromatids. In the second set of four chromatids, label two 'B' and two 'b.' Cut and slide these together as you did for the first set, joining the 'B' chromatids together and the 'b' chromatids together. Repeat this process for the third set of chromatids, labeling them as 'D' and 'd.' You now have models for three pairs of homologous chromosomes, for a total of six chromosomes. Separate the chromosomes as though anaphase II and telophase II have taken place.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Chromatids
Chromatids are the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, which are joined together at a region called the centromere. During cell division, specifically in mitosis and meiosis, chromatids play a crucial role in ensuring that genetic material is accurately distributed to daughter cells. Each chromatid contains a single DNA molecule, and they are essential for the proper segregation of chromosomes during cell division.
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Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure and carry genes for the same traits, but may have different alleles. One chromosome of each pair is inherited from each parent, and during meiosis, these chromosomes undergo processes such as crossing over and independent assortment, which contribute to genetic diversity. Understanding homologous chromosomes is vital for grasping how traits are inherited and how genetic variation occurs.
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Anaphase II and Telophase II
Anaphase II and Telophase II are stages in meiosis, the process of cell division that produces gametes. During Anaphase II, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell, ensuring that each new cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes. In Telophase II, the separated chromatids reach the poles, and the cell begins to divide, resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells. These stages are crucial for understanding how genetic material is distributed during sexual reproduction.
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